New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken
Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (<i>M. gallispeticum</i>) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate wor...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Microorganisms |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2407 |
| _version_ | 1827675943857029120 |
|---|---|
| author | Nancy Rüger Hicham Sid Jochen Meens Michael P. Szostak Wolfgang Baumgärtner Frederik Bexter Silke Rautenschlein |
| author_facet | Nancy Rüger Hicham Sid Jochen Meens Michael P. Szostak Wolfgang Baumgärtner Frederik Bexter Silke Rautenschlein |
| author_sort | Nancy Rüger |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Respiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (<i>M. gallispeticum</i>) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host–pathogen interaction of <i>M. gallispeticum</i> and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host–pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or <i>M. gallispeticum</i>) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by <i>M. gallispeticum</i> resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (<i>p</i> < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the <i>M. gallispeticum</i> replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:14:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7d6ae98ea30843c48e6653983e142270 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:14:50Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj.art-7d6ae98ea30843c48e6653983e1422702023-11-23T00:31:01ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072021-11-01911240710.3390/microorganisms9112407New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of ChickenNancy Rüger0Hicham Sid1Jochen Meens2Michael P. Szostak3Wolfgang Baumgärtner4Frederik Bexter5Silke Rautenschlein6Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, GermanyReproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Munich, GermanyInstitute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, GermanyInstitute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, AustriaDepartment of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, GermanyClinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, GermanyClinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, GermanyRespiratory pathogens are a health threat for poultry. Co-infections lead to the exacerbation of clinical symptoms and lesions. <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> (<i>M. gallispeticum</i>) and Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) are two avian respiratory pathogens that co-circulate worldwide. The knowledge about the host–pathogen interaction of <i>M. gallispeticum</i> and AMPV in the chicken respiratory tract is limited. We aimed to investigate how co-infections affect the pathogenesis of the respiratory disease and whether the order of invading pathogens leads to changes in host–pathogen interaction. We used chicken tracheal organ cultures (TOC) to investigate pathogen invasion and replication, lesion development, and selected innate immune responses, such as interferon (IFN) α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IFNλ mRNA expression levels. We performed mono-inoculations (AMPV or <i>M. gallispeticum</i>) or dual-inoculations in two orders with a 24-h interval between the first and second pathogen. Dual-inoculations compared to mono-inoculations resulted in more severe host reactions. Pre-infection with AMPV followed by <i>M. gallispeticum</i> resulted in prolonged viral replication, more significant innate immune responses, and lesions (<i>p</i> < 0.05). AMPV as the secondary pathogen impaired the bacterial attachment process. Consequently, the <i>M. gallispeticum</i> replication was delayed, the innate immune response was less pronounced, and lesions appeared later. Our results suggest a competing process in co-infections and offer new insights in disease processes.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2407avian metapneumovirus<i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>TOCco-infectioninnate immunityinterferon |
| spellingShingle | Nancy Rüger Hicham Sid Jochen Meens Michael P. Szostak Wolfgang Baumgärtner Frederik Bexter Silke Rautenschlein New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken Microorganisms avian metapneumovirus <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> TOC co-infection innate immunity interferon |
| title | New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken |
| title_full | New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken |
| title_fullStr | New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken |
| title_full_unstemmed | New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken |
| title_short | New Insights into the Host–Pathogen Interaction of <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> and Avian Metapneumovirus in Tracheal Organ Cultures of Chicken |
| title_sort | new insights into the host pathogen interaction of i mycoplasma gallisepticum i and avian metapneumovirus in tracheal organ cultures of chicken |
| topic | avian metapneumovirus <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> TOC co-infection innate immunity interferon |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/11/2407 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nancyruger newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken AT hichamsid newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken AT jochenmeens newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken AT michaelpszostak newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken AT wolfgangbaumgartner newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken AT frederikbexter newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken AT silkerautenschlein newinsightsintothehostpathogeninteractionofimycoplasmagallisepticumiandavianmetapneumovirusintrachealorganculturesofchicken |