| Summary: | For probability measures μ,ν\mu ,\nu , and ρ\rho , define the cost functionals C(μ,ρ)≔supπ∈Π(μ,ρ)∫⟨x,y⟩π(dx,dy)andC(ν,ρ)≔supπ∈Π(ν,ρ)∫⟨x,y⟩π(dx,dy),C\left(\mu ,\rho ):= \mathop{\sup }\limits_{\pi \in \Pi \left(\mu ,\rho )}\int \langle x,y\rangle \pi \left({\rm{d}}x,{\rm{d}}y)\hspace{1.0em}{\rm{and}}\hspace{1em}C\left(\nu ,\rho ):= \mathop{\sup }\limits_{\pi \in \Pi \left(\nu ,\rho )}\int \langle x,y\rangle \pi \left({\rm{d}}x,{\rm{d}}y), where ⟨⋅,⋅⟩\langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle denotes the scalar product and Π(⋅,⋅)\Pi \left(\cdot ,\cdot ) is the set of couplings. We show that two probability measures μ\mu and ν\nu on Rd{{\mathbb{R}}}^{d} with finite first moments are in convex order (i.e., μ≼cν\mu {\preccurlyeq }_{c}\nu ) iff C(μ,ρ)≤C(ν,ρ)C\left(\mu ,\rho )\le C\left(\nu ,\rho ) holds for all probability measures ρ\rho on Rd{{\mathbb{R}}}^{d} with bounded support. This generalizes a result by Carlier. Our proof relies on a quantitative bound for the infimum of ∫fdν−∫fdμ\int f{\rm{d}}\nu -\int f{\rm{d}}\mu over all 1-Lipschitz functions ff, which is obtained through optimal transport (OT) duality and the characterization result of OT (couplings) by Rüschendorf, by Rachev, and by Brenier. Building on this result, we derive new proofs of well known one-dimensional characterizations of convex order. We also describe new computational methods for investigating convex order and applications to model-independent arbitrage strategies in mathematical finance.
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