Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyses the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter, from glutamic acid (Glu), which is considered the most important excitatory transmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. GAD is a k...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| author | Izabela Szpręgiel Danuta Wrońska Michał Kmiecik Sylwia Pałka Bogdan F. Kania |
| author_facet | Izabela Szpręgiel Danuta Wrońska Michał Kmiecik Sylwia Pałka Bogdan F. Kania |
| author_sort | Izabela Szpręgiel |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyses the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter, from glutamic acid (Glu), which is considered the most important excitatory transmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. GAD is a key enzyme that provides a balance between Glu and GABA concentration. Hence, it can be assumed that if the GAD executes the synthesis of GABA from Glu, it is important in the stress response, and thus also in triggering the emotional states of the body that accompany stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentration of the GAD in motivational structures in the brain of the rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) under altered homeostatic conditions caused by stress and variable availability of Glu. Summarising, the experimental results clearly showed variable concentrations of GAD in the motivational structures of the rabbit brain. The highest concentration of GAD was found in the hypothalamus, which suggests a strong effect of Glu and GABA on the activity of this brain structure. The GAD concentrations in individual experimental groups depended to a greater extent on blocking the activity of glutamate receptors than on the effects of a single stress exposure. The results obtained clearly support the possibility that a rapid change in the concentration of GAD could shift bodily responses to quickly achieve homeostasis, especially in this species. Further studies are necessary to reveal the role of the Glu–GAD–GABA system in the modulation of stress situations as well as in body homeostasis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:00:09Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T05:00:09Z |
| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-7d9876401d254cca9fc2842af2c11c9e2023-12-03T13:00:57ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152021-02-0111245510.3390/ani11020455Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic StructuresIzabela Szpręgiel0Danuta Wrońska1Michał Kmiecik2Sylwia Pałka3Bogdan F. Kania4Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, PolandDepartment of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, PolandDepartment of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, PolandDepartment of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, PolandUniversity Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, PolandGlutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyses the formation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter, from glutamic acid (Glu), which is considered the most important excitatory transmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. GAD is a key enzyme that provides a balance between Glu and GABA concentration. Hence, it can be assumed that if the GAD executes the synthesis of GABA from Glu, it is important in the stress response, and thus also in triggering the emotional states of the body that accompany stress. The aim of the study was to investigate the concentration of the GAD in motivational structures in the brain of the rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) under altered homeostatic conditions caused by stress and variable availability of Glu. Summarising, the experimental results clearly showed variable concentrations of GAD in the motivational structures of the rabbit brain. The highest concentration of GAD was found in the hypothalamus, which suggests a strong effect of Glu and GABA on the activity of this brain structure. The GAD concentrations in individual experimental groups depended to a greater extent on blocking the activity of glutamate receptors than on the effects of a single stress exposure. The results obtained clearly support the possibility that a rapid change in the concentration of GAD could shift bodily responses to quickly achieve homeostasis, especially in this species. Further studies are necessary to reveal the role of the Glu–GAD–GABA system in the modulation of stress situations as well as in body homeostasis.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/455glutamic acid decarboxylasestressglutamic acidmotivational brain structures |
| spellingShingle | Izabela Szpręgiel Danuta Wrońska Michał Kmiecik Sylwia Pałka Bogdan F. Kania Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures Animals glutamic acid decarboxylase stress glutamic acid motivational brain structures |
| title | Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures |
| title_full | Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures |
| title_fullStr | Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures |
| title_short | Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Concentration Changes in Response to Stress and Altered Availability of Glutamic Acid in Rabbit (<i>Oryctolagus cuniculus</i>) Brain Limbic Structures |
| title_sort | glutamic acid decarboxylase concentration changes in response to stress and altered availability of glutamic acid in rabbit i oryctolagus cuniculus i brain limbic structures |
| topic | glutamic acid decarboxylase stress glutamic acid motivational brain structures |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/2/455 |
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