Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice
Nearly half of children with fragile X syndrome experience sleep problems including trouble falling asleep and frequent nighttime awakenings. The goals here were to assess sleep–wake cycles in mice in response to <i>Fmr1</i> genotype and a dietary intervention that reduces hyperactivity....
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14460 |
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| author | Pamela R. Westmark Aaron K. Gholston Timothy J. Swietlik Rama K. Maganti Cara J. Westmark |
| author_facet | Pamela R. Westmark Aaron K. Gholston Timothy J. Swietlik Rama K. Maganti Cara J. Westmark |
| author_sort | Pamela R. Westmark |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nearly half of children with fragile X syndrome experience sleep problems including trouble falling asleep and frequent nighttime awakenings. The goals here were to assess sleep–wake cycles in mice in response to <i>Fmr1</i> genotype and a dietary intervention that reduces hyperactivity. Electroencephalography (EEG) results were compared with published rest–activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. Specifically, sleep–wake patterns in adult wild type and <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> littermate mice were recorded after EEG electrode implantation and the recordings manually scored for vigilance states. The data indicated that <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> mice exhibited sleep–wake patterns similar to wild type littermates when maintained on a control purified ingredient diet. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in both wild type and <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> mice during the dark cycle, which corresponded to decreased activity levels. Treatment with a ketogenic diet flattened diurnal sleep periodicity in both wild type and <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> mice. Differences in several sleep microstructure outcomes (number and length of sleep and wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to a ketogenic diet and were correlated with altered rest–activity cycles. While actigraphy may be a less expensive, reduced labor surrogate for sleep EEG during the dark cycle, daytime resting in mice did not correlate with EEG sleep states. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:43:45Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T21:43:45Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-7da97df9e6fa4a85975eb5bb92afe04e2023-11-19T14:26:53ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-09-0124191446010.3390/ijms241914460Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X MicePamela R. Westmark0Aaron K. Gholston1Timothy J. Swietlik2Rama K. Maganti3Cara J. Westmark4Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USADepartment of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USANearly half of children with fragile X syndrome experience sleep problems including trouble falling asleep and frequent nighttime awakenings. The goals here were to assess sleep–wake cycles in mice in response to <i>Fmr1</i> genotype and a dietary intervention that reduces hyperactivity. Electroencephalography (EEG) results were compared with published rest–activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. Specifically, sleep–wake patterns in adult wild type and <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> littermate mice were recorded after EEG electrode implantation and the recordings manually scored for vigilance states. The data indicated that <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> mice exhibited sleep–wake patterns similar to wild type littermates when maintained on a control purified ingredient diet. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in both wild type and <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> mice during the dark cycle, which corresponded to decreased activity levels. Treatment with a ketogenic diet flattened diurnal sleep periodicity in both wild type and <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> mice. Differences in several sleep microstructure outcomes (number and length of sleep and wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to a ketogenic diet and were correlated with altered rest–activity cycles. While actigraphy may be a less expensive, reduced labor surrogate for sleep EEG during the dark cycle, daytime resting in mice did not correlate with EEG sleep states.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14460<i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i>fragile X syndromeketogenic dietelectroencephalography (EEG)sleep |
| spellingShingle | Pamela R. Westmark Aaron K. Gholston Timothy J. Swietlik Rama K. Maganti Cara J. Westmark Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> fragile X syndrome ketogenic diet electroencephalography (EEG) sleep |
| title | Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice |
| title_full | Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice |
| title_fullStr | Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice |
| title_short | Ketogenic Diet Affects Sleep Architecture in C57BL/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice |
| title_sort | ketogenic diet affects sleep architecture in c57bl 6j wild type and fragile x mice |
| topic | <i>Fmr1<sup>KO</sup></i> fragile X syndrome ketogenic diet electroencephalography (EEG) sleep |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/19/14460 |
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