| Summary: | Background: Modern pentathlon includes horse riding, fencing, swimming, shooting and cross-country running. Events can last many hours during which the athletes face almost maximal energy and physiological demands, and fatigue. Early recognition and prevention of injuries and overuse syndromes can be achieved by refining the individual training loads. The purpose of the study was to determine which parameter could be the most accurate predictor of swimming working capacity determinants in pentathletes. Methods: Fourteen male pentathletes performed a continuous maximal incremental test in the swimming flume ergometer to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2</sub>peak), and five swimming tests in a 50 m swimming pool to detect critical velocity (CV); velocity at 2 and 4 mM·L<sup>−1</sup> of blood lactate (v2, v4) and energy cost (EC). Results: The 200 m swimming time was 2:18–2:32 m:s (340 FINA points). CV was 1.21 ± 0.04 m·s<sup>−1</sup>, v2 was 1.14 ± 0.09 and v4 1.23 ± 0.08 m·s<sup>−1</sup>. VO<sub>2</sub>peak was 3540.1 ± 306.2 mL·min<sup>−1</sup> or 48.8 ± 4.6 mL·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>. EC at 1.24 m·s<sup>−1</sup> was 45.7 ± 2.4 mL·kg<sup>−1</sup>·min<sup>−1</sup>. Our main finding was the large correlation of CV with 200 m swimming performance; Conclusions: Among all the protocols analysed, CV is the most predictive and discriminative of individual swimming performance in this group of pentathletes. It appears as the most suitable test to constantly refine their swimming training loads for both performance enhancement and health promotion.
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