Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>
Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the efficient production and sustainable development of modern agriculture. Understanding the pesticide activity of both nano- and conventional methods is useful for developing new pesticide formulations. In this study, three solid fluopyram formulations with varyin...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/16/6099 |
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| author | Yinmin Wang Sida Zhang Yong Xu Haiyun Li Ruihua Zhang Dong Chen Jianfu Xu Xuemin Wu |
| author_facet | Yinmin Wang Sida Zhang Yong Xu Haiyun Li Ruihua Zhang Dong Chen Jianfu Xu Xuemin Wu |
| author_sort | Yinmin Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nanotechnology is revolutionizing the efficient production and sustainable development of modern agriculture. Understanding the pesticide activity of both nano- and conventional methods is useful for developing new pesticide formulations. In this study, three solid fluopyram formulations with varying particle sizes were developed, and the mechanisms underlying the difference in the antifungal activity among these formulations were investigated. Wet media milling combined with freeze drying was used to prepare fluopyram nanoparticles (FLU-NS) and a micron-sized solid formulation (FLU-MS), and a jet grinding mill was employed to fabricate fluopyram wettable powder (FLU-WP). The mean particle sizes of FLU-NS, FLU-MS, and FLU-WP were 366.8 nm, 2.99 μm, and 10.16 μm, respectively. Notably, FLU-NS displayed a toxicity index against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (gray mold) that was approximately double those of FLU-MS and FLU-WP. Similar trends were noticed in the antifungal tests on <i>Alternaria solani</i>. The uptake of FLU-NS by <i>B. cinerea</i> was approximately twice that of FLU-MS and FLU-WP, indicating that fluopyram nanoparticles are more easily taken up by the pathogen (<i>B. cinerea)</i>, and display better bioactivity than the larger fluopyram particles. Therefore, the nanosizing of pesticides appears to be a viable strategy to enhance efficiency without increasing the amount of pesticide used. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:41:33Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7de35b831f7541eaa527ca5162653fc7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:41:33Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-7de35b831f7541eaa527ca5162653fc72023-11-19T02:24:51ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-08-012816609910.3390/molecules28166099Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>Yinmin Wang0Sida Zhang1Yong Xu2Haiyun Li3Ruihua Zhang4Dong Chen5Jianfu Xu6Xuemin Wu7Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaState Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, ChinaInnovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaState Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, ChinaState Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, ChinaState Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, ChinaState Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing 102205, ChinaInnovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaNanotechnology is revolutionizing the efficient production and sustainable development of modern agriculture. Understanding the pesticide activity of both nano- and conventional methods is useful for developing new pesticide formulations. In this study, three solid fluopyram formulations with varying particle sizes were developed, and the mechanisms underlying the difference in the antifungal activity among these formulations were investigated. Wet media milling combined with freeze drying was used to prepare fluopyram nanoparticles (FLU-NS) and a micron-sized solid formulation (FLU-MS), and a jet grinding mill was employed to fabricate fluopyram wettable powder (FLU-WP). The mean particle sizes of FLU-NS, FLU-MS, and FLU-WP were 366.8 nm, 2.99 μm, and 10.16 μm, respectively. Notably, FLU-NS displayed a toxicity index against <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> (gray mold) that was approximately double those of FLU-MS and FLU-WP. Similar trends were noticed in the antifungal tests on <i>Alternaria solani</i>. The uptake of FLU-NS by <i>B. cinerea</i> was approximately twice that of FLU-MS and FLU-WP, indicating that fluopyram nanoparticles are more easily taken up by the pathogen (<i>B. cinerea)</i>, and display better bioactivity than the larger fluopyram particles. Therefore, the nanosizing of pesticides appears to be a viable strategy to enhance efficiency without increasing the amount of pesticide used.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/16/6099<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>gray moldpesticidesnanoparticlesfluopyram |
| spellingShingle | Yinmin Wang Sida Zhang Yong Xu Haiyun Li Ruihua Zhang Dong Chen Jianfu Xu Xuemin Wu Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> Molecules <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> gray mold pesticides nanoparticles fluopyram |
| title | Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> |
| title_full | Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> |
| title_fullStr | Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> |
| title_short | Different Size Formulations of Fluopyram: Preparation, Antifungal Activity, and Accumulation in the Fungal Pathogen <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> |
| title_sort | different size formulations of fluopyram preparation antifungal activity and accumulation in the fungal pathogen i botrytis cinerea i |
| topic | <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> gray mold pesticides nanoparticles fluopyram |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/16/6099 |
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