(Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB
Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) refractometry enables automated and continuous in situ snow water equivalent (SWE) observations. Such accurate and reliable in situ data are needed for calibration and validation of remote sensing data and could enhance snow hydrological monitoring and model...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6918 |
| _version_ | 1797482543668264960 |
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| author | Ladina Steiner Géraldine Studemann David Eugen Grimm Christoph Marty Silvan Leinss |
| author_facet | Ladina Steiner Géraldine Studemann David Eugen Grimm Christoph Marty Silvan Leinss |
| author_sort | Ladina Steiner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) refractometry enables automated and continuous in situ snow water equivalent (SWE) observations. Such accurate and reliable in situ data are needed for calibration and validation of remote sensing data and could enhance snow hydrological monitoring and modeling. In contrast to previous studies which relied on post-processing with the highly sophisticated Bernese GNSS processing software, the feasibility of in situ SWE determination in post-processing and (near) real time using the open-source GNSS processing software RTKLIB and GNSS refractometry based on the biased coordinate Up component is investigated here. Available GNSS observations from a fixed, high-end GNSS refractometry snow monitoring setup in the Swiss Alps are reprocessed for the season 2016/17 to investigate the applicability of RTKLIB in post-processing. A fixed, low-cost setup provides continuous SWE estimates in near real time at a low cost for the complete 2021/22 season. Additionally, a mobile, (near) real-time and low-cost setup was designed and evaluated in March 2020. The fixed and mobile multi-frequency GNSS setups demonstrate the feasibility of (near) real-time SWE estimation using GNSS refractometry. Compared to state-of-the-art manual SWE observations, a mean relative bias below 5% is achieved for (near) real-time and post-processed SWE estimation using RTKLIB. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:33:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7de9ebdf8e4c442c8613cb7f9fb71577 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:33:54Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-7de9ebdf8e4c442c8613cb7f9fb715772023-11-23T18:51:15ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202022-09-012218691810.3390/s22186918(Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIBLadina Steiner0Géraldine Studemann1David Eugen Grimm2Christoph Marty3Silvan Leinss4Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), 27515 Bremerhaven, GermanyInstitute of Geomatics, University of Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, SwitzerlandInstitute of Geomatics, University of Sciences and Arts of Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, SwitzerlandWSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, SwitzerlandETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, SwitzerlandGlobal navigation satellite system (GNSS) refractometry enables automated and continuous in situ snow water equivalent (SWE) observations. Such accurate and reliable in situ data are needed for calibration and validation of remote sensing data and could enhance snow hydrological monitoring and modeling. In contrast to previous studies which relied on post-processing with the highly sophisticated Bernese GNSS processing software, the feasibility of in situ SWE determination in post-processing and (near) real time using the open-source GNSS processing software RTKLIB and GNSS refractometry based on the biased coordinate Up component is investigated here. Available GNSS observations from a fixed, high-end GNSS refractometry snow monitoring setup in the Swiss Alps are reprocessed for the season 2016/17 to investigate the applicability of RTKLIB in post-processing. A fixed, low-cost setup provides continuous SWE estimates in near real time at a low cost for the complete 2021/22 season. Additionally, a mobile, (near) real-time and low-cost setup was designed and evaluated in March 2020. The fixed and mobile multi-frequency GNSS setups demonstrate the feasibility of (near) real-time SWE estimation using GNSS refractometry. Compared to state-of-the-art manual SWE observations, a mean relative bias below 5% is achieved for (near) real-time and post-processed SWE estimation using RTKLIB.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6918global navigation satellite systemsGNSSrefractometrysnow water equivalentSWEreal time |
| spellingShingle | Ladina Steiner Géraldine Studemann David Eugen Grimm Christoph Marty Silvan Leinss (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB Sensors global navigation satellite systems GNSS refractometry snow water equivalent SWE real time |
| title | (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB |
| title_full | (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB |
| title_fullStr | (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB |
| title_full_unstemmed | (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB |
| title_short | (Near) Real-Time Snow Water Equivalent Observation Using GNSS Refractometry and RTKLIB |
| title_sort | near real time snow water equivalent observation using gnss refractometry and rtklib |
| topic | global navigation satellite systems GNSS refractometry snow water equivalent SWE real time |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/18/6918 |
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