Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation
Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) spread across a wide range of organic product compounds. As biorecalcitrants, their removal from conventional wastewater treatment systems remains a herculean task. To address this issue, heterogenous solar driven advanced oxidation process based-TiO<sub&g...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| author | Chukwuka Bethel Anucha IIknur Altin Emin Bacaksiz Vassilis N. Stathopoulos Ismail Polat Ahmet Yasar Ömer Faruk Yüksel |
| author_facet | Chukwuka Bethel Anucha IIknur Altin Emin Bacaksiz Vassilis N. Stathopoulos Ismail Polat Ahmet Yasar Ömer Faruk Yüksel |
| author_sort | Chukwuka Bethel Anucha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) spread across a wide range of organic product compounds. As biorecalcitrants, their removal from conventional wastewater treatment systems remains a herculean task. To address this issue, heterogenous solar driven advanced oxidation process based-TiO<sub>2</sub> and other semiconductor materials has been extensively studied for their abatement from wastewater sources. In this study, we have synthesized by hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation Ag doped ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption at 77 K by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and UV-visible absorption in Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis/DRS) mode. Crystallite size estimate for Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> and undoped form was 19.4 and 29.3 nm, respectively, while respective TEM particle size estimate was 79.0 nm and 98.2 nm. BET surface area and total pore volume by BJH for Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> were estimated with respective values of 17.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.05 cm<sup>3</sup>/g in comparison to 18.8 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.06 cm<sup>3</sup>/g for ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>. Derived energy band gap (Eg) values were 3.8 eV for Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> and 4.2 eV for ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>. Photocatalytic performance of Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> was tested towards caffeine achieving about 68% removal under (natural) unmodified pH = 6.50 and almost 100% removal at initial pH around 7.5 after 4 h irradiation. The effect of initial pH, catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, charge scavengers, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, contaminant inorganic ions (anions) as well as humic acid (HA) on the photocatalyst activity over caffeine degradation were assessed. In accordance with the probation test of the reactive species responsible for photocatalytic degradation process, a reaction mechanism was deduced. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T11:43:27Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7df4cba1b29142d58961d7865078d8c92023-11-21T18:18:27ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412021-05-01139129010.3390/w13091290Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV IrradiationChukwuka Bethel Anucha0IIknur Altin1Emin Bacaksiz2Vassilis N. Stathopoulos3Ismail Polat4Ahmet Yasar5Ömer Faruk Yüksel6Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, TurkeyDepartment of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, TurkeyDepartment of Physics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, TurkeyLaboratory of Chemistry and Materials Technology, General (Core) Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Psachna Campus, 34400 Evia, GreeceDepartment of Energy Systems, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, TurkeyDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon 61080, TurkeyDepartment of Physics, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Selçuk-Konya 42130, TurkeyContaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) spread across a wide range of organic product compounds. As biorecalcitrants, their removal from conventional wastewater treatment systems remains a herculean task. To address this issue, heterogenous solar driven advanced oxidation process based-TiO<sub>2</sub> and other semiconductor materials has been extensively studied for their abatement from wastewater sources. In this study, we have synthesized by hydrothermal assisted co-precipitation Ag doped ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>. Structural and morphological characterizations were performed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), N<sub>2</sub> adsorption-desorption at 77 K by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning electron microscopy coupled with Energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and UV-visible absorption in Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis/DRS) mode. Crystallite size estimate for Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> and undoped form was 19.4 and 29.3 nm, respectively, while respective TEM particle size estimate was 79.0 nm and 98.2 nm. BET surface area and total pore volume by BJH for Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> were estimated with respective values of 17.2 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.05 cm<sup>3</sup>/g in comparison to 18.8 m<sup>2</sup>/g and 0.06 cm<sup>3</sup>/g for ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>. Derived energy band gap (Eg) values were 3.8 eV for Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> and 4.2 eV for ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>. Photocatalytic performance of Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> was tested towards caffeine achieving about 68% removal under (natural) unmodified pH = 6.50 and almost 100% removal at initial pH around 7.5 after 4 h irradiation. The effect of initial pH, catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, charge scavengers, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, contaminant inorganic ions (anions) as well as humic acid (HA) on the photocatalyst activity over caffeine degradation were assessed. In accordance with the probation test of the reactive species responsible for photocatalytic degradation process, a reaction mechanism was deduced.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1290photocatalysisAg-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>emerging contaminantscaffeinewater purification |
| spellingShingle | Chukwuka Bethel Anucha IIknur Altin Emin Bacaksiz Vassilis N. Stathopoulos Ismail Polat Ahmet Yasar Ömer Faruk Yüksel Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation Water photocatalysis Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> emerging contaminants caffeine water purification |
| title | Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation |
| title_full | Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation |
| title_fullStr | Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation |
| title_short | Silver Doped Zinc Stannate (Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub>) for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Caffeine under UV Irradiation |
| title_sort | silver doped zinc stannate ag znsno sub 3 sub for the photocatalytic degradation of caffeine under uv irradiation |
| topic | photocatalysis Ag-ZnSnO<sub>3</sub> emerging contaminants caffeine water purification |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/9/1290 |
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