Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases
Dear Editor-in-Chief Based on recent studies, it is now clear that there is a muscle–brain endocrine loop that can be partly mediated by myokine signaling. There are also other metabolites as mediators which can affect circulating compounds (Rai & Demontis, 2016) and these include noncoding RNAs...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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JEOCT publisher
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk |
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| Online Access: | https://www.jeoct.com/article_171865_7b9ef2e40244d7950b393e2152f2e483.pdf |
| _version_ | 1827596760654020608 |
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| author | Fatemeh Panahzadeh Reza Sabzevari Rad |
| author_facet | Fatemeh Panahzadeh Reza Sabzevari Rad |
| author_sort | Fatemeh Panahzadeh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Dear Editor-in-Chief Based on recent studies, it is now clear that there is a muscle–brain endocrine loop that can be partly mediated by myokine signaling. There are also other metabolites as mediators which can affect circulating compounds (Rai & Demontis, 2016) and these include noncoding RNAs (Makarova et al., 2014), hormone-associated responses, as well as, muscular enzymes (Pedersen, 2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is considered to be a key role in helping to mediate the impacts of exercise on the hippocampus (Loprinzi & Frith, 2019). Studies conducted on laboratory rats showed an increase in BDNF mRNA and BDNF protein in the hippocampus of these animals when wheel running exercise was performed for 1 to 8 weeks (Adlard, Perreau, & Cotman, 2005; Farmer et al., 2004; Liu & Nusslock, 2018; Neeper, Góauctemez-Pinilla, Choi, & Cotman, 1995; Oliff, Berchtold, Isackson, & Cotman, 1998; Van Hoomissen, Chambliss, Holmes, & Dishman, 2003). In terms of cognitive functions, i.e. memory and learning, BDNF has also been demonstrated to be effective in the improvement of such functions (Vaynman, Ying, & Gomez‐Pinilla, 2004; Vaynman, Ying, & Gómez‐Pinilla, 2004).Research on humans indicates that their brains can release BDNF while cycling (Rasmussen et al., 2009; Seifert et al., 2010), also in another study in healthy people as well as people with schizophrenia who had been training in aerobic exercise for three months, the level of BDNF increased in their hippocampus by 12% and 16%, respectively (Pajonk et al., 2010). As a growth factor for the hippocampus, BDNF plays a significant role in learning and improving cell survival (Wrann et al., 2013). Interestingly enough, research findings show that BDNF can also be expressed in skeletal muscle tissues during exercise in humans; nonetheless, it is not clear whether muscle-derived BDNF can get into the bloodstream from the muscle to create a direct interaction between muscle and brain (Matthews et al., 2009).Some fascinating studies indicate that irisin and myokines cathepsin-B might cross the (BBB) blood-brain barrier, and consequently, BDNF levels may increase. In recent a study conducted by Moon et al. (Moon et al., 2016) a novel myokine, cathepsin B (CTSB) was identified. Other work also demonstrated that exercise can increase CTSB systemic level, therefore, BDNF expression will be promoted in the hippocampus and lead to the formation of nerve tissue as well. Running on a treadmill for four months increased CTSB plasma levels, as well as CTSB gene expression in humans, mice, and rhesus monkeys. In addition, it was indicated that CTSB could cross BBB in mice. In studies by Moon et al. (2016) on CTSB knockout mice, it was made clear that mice without CTSB refused to do voluntary exercise regarding hippocampal growth and cognitive development. It is not clear whether myokine CTSB can lead to cognitive function development in humans regarding exercise training or not (Moon et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2016).The PGC-1α-dependent myokine irisin, which is famous for its browning impacts (Boström et al., 2012), can play a role in the intervention of the brain’s physical activity (Wrann et al., 2013). An excessive expression of irisin in the primary cortical neurons can cause a higher BDNF expression, while FNDC5 knockdown mediated by RNAi can cause a lower BDNF expression. Furthermore, irisin delivery to the mice’s liver by adenoviral vectors will raise the systemic irisin level, consequently resulting in a higher level of BDNF in the hippocampus. Whether doing exercise can increase irisin plasma concentration in humans (Albrecht et al., 2015; Wrann, 2015), and whether irisin is affected by a muscle–brain endocrine loop is a disputable issue. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:15:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7e2681d09f054cbdb63d24ce0010e2cb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2783-2074 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T03:15:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
| publisher | JEOCT publisher |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk |
| spelling | doaj.art-7e2681d09f054cbdb63d24ce0010e2cb2023-12-03T15:27:34ZengJEOCT publisherJournal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk2783-20742023-06-013210710810.22034/jeoct.2023.390375.1072171865Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseasesFatemeh Panahzadeh0Reza Sabzevari Rad1Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Lorestan' University, Lorestan, IranDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Imam Ali Officers' University, Tehran, Iran.Dear Editor-in-Chief Based on recent studies, it is now clear that there is a muscle–brain endocrine loop that can be partly mediated by myokine signaling. There are also other metabolites as mediators which can affect circulating compounds (Rai & Demontis, 2016) and these include noncoding RNAs (Makarova et al., 2014), hormone-associated responses, as well as, muscular enzymes (Pedersen, 2019). Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is considered to be a key role in helping to mediate the impacts of exercise on the hippocampus (Loprinzi & Frith, 2019). Studies conducted on laboratory rats showed an increase in BDNF mRNA and BDNF protein in the hippocampus of these animals when wheel running exercise was performed for 1 to 8 weeks (Adlard, Perreau, & Cotman, 2005; Farmer et al., 2004; Liu & Nusslock, 2018; Neeper, Góauctemez-Pinilla, Choi, & Cotman, 1995; Oliff, Berchtold, Isackson, & Cotman, 1998; Van Hoomissen, Chambliss, Holmes, & Dishman, 2003). In terms of cognitive functions, i.e. memory and learning, BDNF has also been demonstrated to be effective in the improvement of such functions (Vaynman, Ying, & Gomez‐Pinilla, 2004; Vaynman, Ying, & Gómez‐Pinilla, 2004).Research on humans indicates that their brains can release BDNF while cycling (Rasmussen et al., 2009; Seifert et al., 2010), also in another study in healthy people as well as people with schizophrenia who had been training in aerobic exercise for three months, the level of BDNF increased in their hippocampus by 12% and 16%, respectively (Pajonk et al., 2010). As a growth factor for the hippocampus, BDNF plays a significant role in learning and improving cell survival (Wrann et al., 2013). Interestingly enough, research findings show that BDNF can also be expressed in skeletal muscle tissues during exercise in humans; nonetheless, it is not clear whether muscle-derived BDNF can get into the bloodstream from the muscle to create a direct interaction between muscle and brain (Matthews et al., 2009).Some fascinating studies indicate that irisin and myokines cathepsin-B might cross the (BBB) blood-brain barrier, and consequently, BDNF levels may increase. In recent a study conducted by Moon et al. (Moon et al., 2016) a novel myokine, cathepsin B (CTSB) was identified. Other work also demonstrated that exercise can increase CTSB systemic level, therefore, BDNF expression will be promoted in the hippocampus and lead to the formation of nerve tissue as well. Running on a treadmill for four months increased CTSB plasma levels, as well as CTSB gene expression in humans, mice, and rhesus monkeys. In addition, it was indicated that CTSB could cross BBB in mice. In studies by Moon et al. (2016) on CTSB knockout mice, it was made clear that mice without CTSB refused to do voluntary exercise regarding hippocampal growth and cognitive development. It is not clear whether myokine CTSB can lead to cognitive function development in humans regarding exercise training or not (Moon et al., 2016; Suzuki, 2016).The PGC-1α-dependent myokine irisin, which is famous for its browning impacts (Boström et al., 2012), can play a role in the intervention of the brain’s physical activity (Wrann et al., 2013). An excessive expression of irisin in the primary cortical neurons can cause a higher BDNF expression, while FNDC5 knockdown mediated by RNAi can cause a lower BDNF expression. Furthermore, irisin delivery to the mice’s liver by adenoviral vectors will raise the systemic irisin level, consequently resulting in a higher level of BDNF in the hippocampus. Whether doing exercise can increase irisin plasma concentration in humans (Albrecht et al., 2015; Wrann, 2015), and whether irisin is affected by a muscle–brain endocrine loop is a disputable issue.https://www.jeoct.com/article_171865_7b9ef2e40244d7950b393e2152f2e483.pdfexercisebdnfbrain healthctsbirisin |
| spellingShingle | Fatemeh Panahzadeh Reza Sabzevari Rad Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases Journal of Exercise & Organ Cross Talk exercise bdnf brain health ctsb irisin |
| title | Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases |
| title_full | Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases |
| title_fullStr | Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases |
| title_short | Effects of exercise on cognition, hippocampal neurogenesis, and learning: Muscle–brain crosstalk in health and diseases |
| title_sort | effects of exercise on cognition hippocampal neurogenesis and learning muscle brain crosstalk in health and diseases |
| topic | exercise bdnf brain health ctsb irisin |
| url | https://www.jeoct.com/article_171865_7b9ef2e40244d7950b393e2152f2e483.pdf |
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