Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea
This study aimed to quantify both chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) dissolved in different product brands and to characterize the exposure to these chemicals among humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) patients. Both CMIT and MIT dissolved in differen...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5284 |
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| author | Dong-Uk Park Seon-Kyung Park Jiwon Kim Jihoon Park Seung-Hun Ryu Ju-Hyun Park So-Yeon Lee Han Bin Oh Sungkyoon Kim Kyung Ehi Zoh Soyoung Park Jung-Hwan Kwon |
| author_facet | Dong-Uk Park Seon-Kyung Park Jiwon Kim Jihoon Park Seung-Hun Ryu Ju-Hyun Park So-Yeon Lee Han Bin Oh Sungkyoon Kim Kyung Ehi Zoh Soyoung Park Jung-Hwan Kwon |
| author_sort | Dong-Uk Park |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to quantify both chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) dissolved in different product brands and to characterize the exposure to these chemicals among humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) patients. Both CMIT and MIT dissolved in different humidifier disinfectant (HD) products were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The inhalation level of CMIT and MIT was estimated based on HD-associated factors as reported by HDLI patients. A total of eleven HD products marketed until the end of 2011 were found to contain CMIT and/or MIT. The level of combined CMIT and/or MIT dissolved in these HD products ranged from 12 to 353 ppm. The level varied among HD products and the year of manufacture. The average inhalation levels were estimated to be 7.5, 4.1, and 3.2 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for the definite, probable, and possible groups, respectively. If probable and possible groups were collapsed together, the inhalation level of the collapsed group was significantly different from that of the definite group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). All HDLI patients responded as having used HD not only while sleeping, but also as having a humidifier treated with HD within close proximity every day in insufficiently ventilated spaces. These HD use characteristics of patients may be directly/indirectly linked to the HDLI development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:53:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7e2dff2e6dc64302a968bf79e73149ac |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:53:57Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-7e2dff2e6dc64302a968bf79e73149ac2023-11-20T20:46:02ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-11-012522528410.3390/molecules25225284Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South KoreaDong-Uk Park0Seon-Kyung Park1Jiwon Kim2Jihoon Park3Seung-Hun Ryu4Ju-Hyun Park5So-Yeon Lee6Han Bin Oh7Sungkyoon Kim8Kyung Ehi Zoh9Soyoung Park10Jung-Hwan Kwon11Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, KoreaDivision of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, KoreaAccident Response Division, National Institute of Chemical Safety, Ministry of Environment, Daejeon 34111, KoreaHumidifier Disinfectant Health Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, KoreaDepartment of Statistics, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, KoreaDepartment of Pediatrics, Childhood Asthma Atopy Center, Humidifier Disinfectant Health Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, KoreaDepartment of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, KoreaDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, KoreaDepartment of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 03181, KoreaDivision of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, KoreaThis study aimed to quantify both chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and methylisothiazolinone (MIT) dissolved in different product brands and to characterize the exposure to these chemicals among humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) patients. Both CMIT and MIT dissolved in different humidifier disinfectant (HD) products were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The inhalation level of CMIT and MIT was estimated based on HD-associated factors as reported by HDLI patients. A total of eleven HD products marketed until the end of 2011 were found to contain CMIT and/or MIT. The level of combined CMIT and/or MIT dissolved in these HD products ranged from 12 to 353 ppm. The level varied among HD products and the year of manufacture. The average inhalation levels were estimated to be 7.5, 4.1, and 3.2 μg/m<sup>3</sup> for the definite, probable, and possible groups, respectively. If probable and possible groups were collapsed together, the inhalation level of the collapsed group was significantly different from that of the definite group (<i>p</i> < 0.001). All HDLI patients responded as having used HD not only while sleeping, but also as having a humidifier treated with HD within close proximity every day in insufficiently ventilated spaces. These HD use characteristics of patients may be directly/indirectly linked to the HDLI development.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5284humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI)humidifier disinfectant (HD)chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT)methylisothiazolinone (MIT)inhalation exposurepatient |
| spellingShingle | Dong-Uk Park Seon-Kyung Park Jiwon Kim Jihoon Park Seung-Hun Ryu Ju-Hyun Park So-Yeon Lee Han Bin Oh Sungkyoon Kim Kyung Ehi Zoh Soyoung Park Jung-Hwan Kwon Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea Molecules humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) humidifier disinfectant (HD) chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) methylisothiazolinone (MIT) inhalation exposure patient |
| title | Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea |
| title_full | Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea |
| title_short | Characteristics of Exposure to Chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) and Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) among Humidifier Disinfectant-Associated Lung Injury (HDLI) Patients in South Korea |
| title_sort | characteristics of exposure to chloromethylisothiazolinone cmit and methylisothiazolinone mit among humidifier disinfectant associated lung injury hdli patients in south korea |
| topic | humidifier disinfectant-associated lung injury (HDLI) humidifier disinfectant (HD) chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT) methylisothiazolinone (MIT) inhalation exposure patient |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/22/5284 |
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