First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area
In tropical countries, clinical bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease primarily caused by <i>Babesia bovis</i> and <i>Babesia bigemina</i>. Here, we investigated 11 cattle with presumptive diagnosis of clinical babesiosis in Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. The...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-12-01
|
| Series: | Pathogens |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/59 |
| _version_ | 1827622718506270720 |
|---|---|
| author | Penny Humaidah Hamid Muhammad Cahyadi April Hari Wardhana Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri Nadya Nurvita R. Setya Titis Insyariati Heri Kurnianto Carlos R. Hermosilla |
| author_facet | Penny Humaidah Hamid Muhammad Cahyadi April Hari Wardhana Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri Nadya Nurvita R. Setya Titis Insyariati Heri Kurnianto Carlos R. Hermosilla |
| author_sort | Penny Humaidah Hamid |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In tropical countries, clinical bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease primarily caused by <i>Babesia bovis</i> and <i>Babesia bigemina</i>. Here, we investigated 11 cattle with presumptive diagnosis of clinical babesiosis in Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. The majority of the animals were anemic, as evidenced by lower hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell counts than the normal ranges. Blood DNA was analyzed by a PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA-ITS region of babesial origin, and the results confirmed that the cattle were infected with <i>Babesia</i> species. The sequencing and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the animals were infected with <i>Babesia naoakii</i>. This is the first report of <i>B. naoakii</i> in Indonesia and of <i>B. naoakii</i>-induced clinical bovine babesiosis outside of Sri Lanka. <i>B. naoakii</i> causes a persistent infection, as indicated by positive PCR results for serial blood samples of the circulatory system taken two weeks after treatment. Consequently, subclinical or newly recovered cattle may serve as potential intermediate hosts and infect ticks as definitive hosts to complete the life cycle. To identify potential tick vectors, we collected ticks from cattle, including 11 animals with clinical babesiosis. Based on the morphology and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) of collected ticks, we found that all of the collected ticks were <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i>, identifying this tick species as a potential vector of <i>B. naoakii</i> in Indonesia. In this study, the evaluation of local farmers’ awareness and practices regarding tick-borne diseases is presented, as disease prevention is also reliant on the implementation of strategies for vector control. Since livestock activities in Java represent the country’s busiest animal trade, thereby the spread of disease to other regions is possible through anthropogenic factors. In conclusion, <i>B. naoakii</i> is a causative pathogen of clinical bovine babesiosis autochthonously occurred in this report and further research on <i>B. naoakii</i>-infection is required in other regions of the country. The prompt treatment of the disease seemed crucial for animal survival, which implies the necessity of early diagnosis and a sensitive detection method. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7e4ea528229147f4b080dd011eeb298c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:30:38Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-7e4ea528229147f4b080dd011eeb298c2023-11-30T23:53:10ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172022-12-011215910.3390/pathogens12010059First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated AreaPenny Humaidah Hamid0Muhammad Cahyadi1April Hari Wardhana2Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri3Nadya Nurvita R. Setya4Titis Insyariati5Heri Kurnianto6Carlos R. Hermosilla7Department of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, IndonesiaDepartment of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, IndonesiaResearch Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16114, IndonesiaResearch Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16114, IndonesiaDepartment of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, IndonesiaDepartment of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, IndonesiaResearch Center for Veterinary Science, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16114, IndonesiaInstitute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35390 Giessen, GermanyIn tropical countries, clinical bovine babesiosis is a tick-borne disease primarily caused by <i>Babesia bovis</i> and <i>Babesia bigemina</i>. Here, we investigated 11 cattle with presumptive diagnosis of clinical babesiosis in Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. The majority of the animals were anemic, as evidenced by lower hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and red blood cell counts than the normal ranges. Blood DNA was analyzed by a PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA-ITS region of babesial origin, and the results confirmed that the cattle were infected with <i>Babesia</i> species. The sequencing and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the animals were infected with <i>Babesia naoakii</i>. This is the first report of <i>B. naoakii</i> in Indonesia and of <i>B. naoakii</i>-induced clinical bovine babesiosis outside of Sri Lanka. <i>B. naoakii</i> causes a persistent infection, as indicated by positive PCR results for serial blood samples of the circulatory system taken two weeks after treatment. Consequently, subclinical or newly recovered cattle may serve as potential intermediate hosts and infect ticks as definitive hosts to complete the life cycle. To identify potential tick vectors, we collected ticks from cattle, including 11 animals with clinical babesiosis. Based on the morphology and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) of collected ticks, we found that all of the collected ticks were <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i>, identifying this tick species as a potential vector of <i>B. naoakii</i> in Indonesia. In this study, the evaluation of local farmers’ awareness and practices regarding tick-borne diseases is presented, as disease prevention is also reliant on the implementation of strategies for vector control. Since livestock activities in Java represent the country’s busiest animal trade, thereby the spread of disease to other regions is possible through anthropogenic factors. In conclusion, <i>B. naoakii</i> is a causative pathogen of clinical bovine babesiosis autochthonously occurred in this report and further research on <i>B. naoakii</i>-infection is required in other regions of the country. The prompt treatment of the disease seemed crucial for animal survival, which implies the necessity of early diagnosis and a sensitive detection method.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/59<i>Babesia naoakii</i><i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i>clinical babesiosistick-borne diseases |
| spellingShingle | Penny Humaidah Hamid Muhammad Cahyadi April Hari Wardhana Dyah Haryuningtyas Sawitri Nadya Nurvita R. Setya Titis Insyariati Heri Kurnianto Carlos R. Hermosilla First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area Pathogens <i>Babesia naoakii</i> <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> clinical babesiosis tick-borne diseases |
| title | First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area |
| title_full | First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area |
| title_fullStr | First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area |
| title_full_unstemmed | First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area |
| title_short | First Autochthonous Report on Cattle <i>Babesia naoakii</i> in Central Java, Indonesia, and Identification of <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> Ticks in the Investigated Area |
| title_sort | first autochthonous report on cattle i babesia naoakii i in central java indonesia and identification of i haemaphysalis bispinosa i ticks in the investigated area |
| topic | <i>Babesia naoakii</i> <i>Haemaphysalis bispinosa</i> clinical babesiosis tick-borne diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/1/59 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT pennyhumaidahhamid firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT muhammadcahyadi firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT aprilhariwardhana firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT dyahharyuningtyassawitri firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT nadyanurvitarsetya firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT titisinsyariati firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT herikurnianto firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea AT carlosrhermosilla firstautochthonousreportoncattleibabesianaoakiiiincentraljavaindonesiaandidentificationofihaemaphysalisbispinosaiticksintheinvestigatedarea |