Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry
Strawberry crown rot poses a significant menace to strawberry production during the seedling stage, and the main pathogen is <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. Pyraclostrobin is one of the main fungicides that have been registered to control anthracnose caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i>...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/11/2824 |
| _version_ | 1797460468084768768 |
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| author | Shuodan Hu Shuhan Zhang Wenfei Xiao Yahui Liu Hong Yu Chuanqing Zhang |
| author_facet | Shuodan Hu Shuhan Zhang Wenfei Xiao Yahui Liu Hong Yu Chuanqing Zhang |
| author_sort | Shuodan Hu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Strawberry crown rot poses a significant menace to strawberry production during the seedling stage, and the main pathogen is <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. Pyraclostrobin is one of the main fungicides that have been registered to control anthracnose caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. The diversity of pathogens and the risk of fungicide resistance may change from year to year. In order to explore the diversity of pathogens causing crown rot and evaluate the resistance risk of pathogens to pyraclostrobin in different years, crown rot samples were collected in Jiande, Zhejiang Province in 2019 and 2021, and the pathogens were identified. Based on the morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis based on <i>ACT</i>, <i>CAL</i>, <i>CHS</i>, <i>GAPDH</i>, and ITS, all 55 strains were identified as <i>C. gloeosporioides</i> species complexes, including 23 <i>C. siamense</i> isolates and 2 <i>C. fructicola</i> isolates in 2019, and all isolates were identified as <i>C. siamense</i> in 2021. <i>C. siamense</i> was the dominant pathogen of strawberry crown rot in 2019 and 2021. The resistance frequencies of the isolates collected in 2019 and 2021 to pyraclostrobin were 69.57% and 100%, respectively. In general, compared to that in 2019, the resistance frequencies of the pathogen to pyraclostrobin increased in 2021. In terms of fitness, there was no significant difference between resistant strains and sensitive strains in the mycelium growth rate, sporulation and spore germination rate. In addition, the resistant mutants exhibited positive cross-resistance to kresoxim-methyl and azoxystrobin. A sequential analysis of cytochrome b gene showed that <i>C. siamense</i> resistance to pyraclostrobin is linked to the G143A point mutation. Our study indicated that the risk of resistance a fungicide gradually increases with the increase in use years, and in order to reduce the emergence and spread of resistant populations, we should choose fungicides of different mechanisms of action for rotation to reduce the risk of resistance development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:06:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7e4eb28bbdd948eb95697e4f88a2cc5c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:06:28Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-7e4eb28bbdd948eb95697e4f88a2cc5c2023-11-24T14:24:10ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952023-11-011311282410.3390/agronomy13112824Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from StrawberryShuodan Hu0Shuhan Zhang1Wenfei Xiao2Yahui Liu3Hong Yu4Chuanqing Zhang5College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaCollege of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaResearch Institute for the Agriculture Science of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310013, ChinaCollege of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaResearch Institute for the Agriculture Science of Hangzhou, Hangzhou 310013, ChinaCollege of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou 311300, ChinaStrawberry crown rot poses a significant menace to strawberry production during the seedling stage, and the main pathogen is <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. Pyraclostrobin is one of the main fungicides that have been registered to control anthracnose caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. The diversity of pathogens and the risk of fungicide resistance may change from year to year. In order to explore the diversity of pathogens causing crown rot and evaluate the resistance risk of pathogens to pyraclostrobin in different years, crown rot samples were collected in Jiande, Zhejiang Province in 2019 and 2021, and the pathogens were identified. Based on the morphological identification and phylogenetic analysis based on <i>ACT</i>, <i>CAL</i>, <i>CHS</i>, <i>GAPDH</i>, and ITS, all 55 strains were identified as <i>C. gloeosporioides</i> species complexes, including 23 <i>C. siamense</i> isolates and 2 <i>C. fructicola</i> isolates in 2019, and all isolates were identified as <i>C. siamense</i> in 2021. <i>C. siamense</i> was the dominant pathogen of strawberry crown rot in 2019 and 2021. The resistance frequencies of the isolates collected in 2019 and 2021 to pyraclostrobin were 69.57% and 100%, respectively. In general, compared to that in 2019, the resistance frequencies of the pathogen to pyraclostrobin increased in 2021. In terms of fitness, there was no significant difference between resistant strains and sensitive strains in the mycelium growth rate, sporulation and spore germination rate. In addition, the resistant mutants exhibited positive cross-resistance to kresoxim-methyl and azoxystrobin. A sequential analysis of cytochrome b gene showed that <i>C. siamense</i> resistance to pyraclostrobin is linked to the G143A point mutation. Our study indicated that the risk of resistance a fungicide gradually increases with the increase in use years, and in order to reduce the emergence and spread of resistant populations, we should choose fungicides of different mechanisms of action for rotation to reduce the risk of resistance development.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/11/2824strawberry<i>C. siamense</i>pyraclostrobinresistance |
| spellingShingle | Shuodan Hu Shuhan Zhang Wenfei Xiao Yahui Liu Hong Yu Chuanqing Zhang Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry Agronomy strawberry <i>C. siamense</i> pyraclostrobin resistance |
| title | Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry |
| title_full | Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry |
| title_fullStr | Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry |
| title_short | Diversity and Characterization of Resistance to Pyraclostrobin in <i>Colletotrichum</i> spp. from Strawberry |
| title_sort | diversity and characterization of resistance to pyraclostrobin in i colletotrichum i spp from strawberry |
| topic | strawberry <i>C. siamense</i> pyraclostrobin resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/13/11/2824 |
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