External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different volleyball-specific attentional focus instructions on arm velocities of a volleyball spike in young female volleyball players using the Statistical Parametric Mapping method. Twelve young female volleyball players (13.6 ± 0.6 years old...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041871/full |
| _version_ | 1797960360039284736 |
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| author | Lukáš Slovák Javad Sarvestan Javad Sarvestan Javad Sarvestan Takehiro Iwatsuki David Zahradník William M. Land Reza Abdollahipour |
| author_facet | Lukáš Slovák Javad Sarvestan Javad Sarvestan Javad Sarvestan Takehiro Iwatsuki David Zahradník William M. Land Reza Abdollahipour |
| author_sort | Lukáš Slovák |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different volleyball-specific attentional focus instructions on arm velocities of a volleyball spike in young female volleyball players using the Statistical Parametric Mapping method. Twelve young female volleyball players (13.6 ± 0.6 years old, 1.8 ± 0.8 years of experience in volleyball training) were asked to perform a volleyball spike in a standing position in three different attentional focus conditions including internal focus (IF, i.e., pull back your elbow prior to transfer momentum), external focus, (EF, i.e., imagine cracking a whip to transfer momentum), and control (CON, i.e., no-focus instruction). A Qualisys 3D motion capture-system was used to track reflective markers attached to the arm, forearm, and hand. Consequently, four phases of the volleyball spike including wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and follow-through were analyzed. A one-way repeated-measure ANOVA using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1d) showed that players achieved greater velocities in the hand (p < 0.01), forearm (p < 0.01), and arm (p < 0.01) using the EF instructions from the start of the wind-up phase to the acceleration phase. Post-hoc (SPM1d-t-tests-paired) analyses indicated significantly greater arm, forearm, and hand velocities during the EF condition, compared to CON (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01 respectively) and IF (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01 respectively) conditions. These findings suggest that EF instructions had an immediate impact on increasing volleyball spike velocity from the start of the wind-up phase to the acceleration phase prior to ball contact. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:44:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7e54f85aa7b34ed5a280ee5b21d7074e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T00:44:49Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-7e54f85aa7b34ed5a280ee5b21d7074e2023-01-05T19:38:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782023-01-011310.3389/fpsyg.2022.10418711041871External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female playersLukáš Slovák0Javad Sarvestan1Javad Sarvestan2Javad Sarvestan3Takehiro Iwatsuki4David Zahradník5William M. Land6Reza Abdollahipour7Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, CzechiaHuman Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, CzechiaDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CzechiaTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United KingdomDepartment of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, Hilo, HI, United StatesHuman Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, CzechiaDepartment of Kinesiology, College for Health, Community and Policy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United StatesDepartment of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, CzechiaThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different volleyball-specific attentional focus instructions on arm velocities of a volleyball spike in young female volleyball players using the Statistical Parametric Mapping method. Twelve young female volleyball players (13.6 ± 0.6 years old, 1.8 ± 0.8 years of experience in volleyball training) were asked to perform a volleyball spike in a standing position in three different attentional focus conditions including internal focus (IF, i.e., pull back your elbow prior to transfer momentum), external focus, (EF, i.e., imagine cracking a whip to transfer momentum), and control (CON, i.e., no-focus instruction). A Qualisys 3D motion capture-system was used to track reflective markers attached to the arm, forearm, and hand. Consequently, four phases of the volleyball spike including wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and follow-through were analyzed. A one-way repeated-measure ANOVA using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1d) showed that players achieved greater velocities in the hand (p < 0.01), forearm (p < 0.01), and arm (p < 0.01) using the EF instructions from the start of the wind-up phase to the acceleration phase. Post-hoc (SPM1d-t-tests-paired) analyses indicated significantly greater arm, forearm, and hand velocities during the EF condition, compared to CON (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01 respectively) and IF (p < 0.01, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01 respectively) conditions. These findings suggest that EF instructions had an immediate impact on increasing volleyball spike velocity from the start of the wind-up phase to the acceleration phase prior to ball contact.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041871/fullfocus of attentionvolleyballvelocityexternal focus of attentionvolleyball spike |
| spellingShingle | Lukáš Slovák Javad Sarvestan Javad Sarvestan Javad Sarvestan Takehiro Iwatsuki David Zahradník William M. Land Reza Abdollahipour External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players Frontiers in Psychology focus of attention volleyball velocity external focus of attention volleyball spike |
| title | External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players |
| title_full | External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players |
| title_fullStr | External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players |
| title_full_unstemmed | External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players |
| title_short | External focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players |
| title_sort | external focus of attention enhances arm velocities during volleyball spike in young female players |
| topic | focus of attention volleyball velocity external focus of attention volleyball spike |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1041871/full |
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