Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico)
Warmer temperatures predicted as a result of climate change will have an impact on <i>milpa</i>. An experiment was carried out with induced passive heat with the objective of simulating the increase in temperature on the physiological, morphological, and yield parameters of <i>milp...
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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author | Idrissa Diédhiou Hugo M. Ramírez-Tobias Javier Fortanelli-Martinez Rogelio Flores-Ramírez |
author_facet | Idrissa Diédhiou Hugo M. Ramírez-Tobias Javier Fortanelli-Martinez Rogelio Flores-Ramírez |
author_sort | Idrissa Diédhiou |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Warmer temperatures predicted as a result of climate change will have an impact on <i>milpa</i>. An experiment was carried out with induced passive heat with the objective of simulating the increase in temperature on the physiological, morphological, and yield parameters of <i>milpa</i> from different climates of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Two different environments, Open-top chambers (OTC) and control, and three <i>milpas</i>, from warm–dry, temperate, and hot and humid climates, were studied. A total of 12 experimental units of 13.13 m<sup>2</sup> were used in the random design, with a factorial arrangement of 2 × 3 and two replications. Abiotic variables (minimum, maximum, and mean daily temperatures and accumulated heat units) were determined and compared between the two environments and confirmed that the OTC increased the abiotic variables. The growth and development parameters increased under the warming effect. Furthermore, the <i>milpa</i> from hot and humid climate was the least affected. In contrast, the warming considerably delayed yield parameters. The squash suffered the most, while the bean benefited the most. The warming affected the chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange differently for each crop. However, at an early stage, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) for bean and maize were reduced, while at a late stage, they were Fv/Fm, photochemical quenching (qP), and qN for maize; stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the squash were improved under the warming treatments. In conclusion, the warming delayed the yield and photosynthetic parameters, while growth and development benefited. The <i>milpa</i> systems were differently affected by warming. |
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spelling | doaj.art-7e56b72f2e7c4c669e3a6acda3cf7d7e2023-11-24T00:56:52ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292022-10-011210158910.3390/life12101589Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico)Idrissa Diédhiou0Hugo M. Ramírez-Tobias1Javier Fortanelli-Martinez2Rogelio Flores-Ramírez3Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera San Luis Potosí-Matehuala Km. 14.5, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí 78321, MexicoFacultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Carretera San Luis Potosí-Matehuala Km. 14.5, Soledad de Graciano Sánchez, San Luis Potosí 78321, MexicoInstituto de Investigación de Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Calle Altair N° 200, Colonia del Llano, San Luis Potosí 78377, MexicoCentro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), CIACYT-Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, MexicoWarmer temperatures predicted as a result of climate change will have an impact on <i>milpa</i>. An experiment was carried out with induced passive heat with the objective of simulating the increase in temperature on the physiological, morphological, and yield parameters of <i>milpa</i> from different climates of San Luis Potosí, Mexico. Two different environments, Open-top chambers (OTC) and control, and three <i>milpas</i>, from warm–dry, temperate, and hot and humid climates, were studied. A total of 12 experimental units of 13.13 m<sup>2</sup> were used in the random design, with a factorial arrangement of 2 × 3 and two replications. Abiotic variables (minimum, maximum, and mean daily temperatures and accumulated heat units) were determined and compared between the two environments and confirmed that the OTC increased the abiotic variables. The growth and development parameters increased under the warming effect. Furthermore, the <i>milpa</i> from hot and humid climate was the least affected. In contrast, the warming considerably delayed yield parameters. The squash suffered the most, while the bean benefited the most. The warming affected the chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange differently for each crop. However, at an early stage, the maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and non-photochemical quenching (qN) for bean and maize were reduced, while at a late stage, they were Fv/Fm, photochemical quenching (qP), and qN for maize; stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of the squash were improved under the warming treatments. In conclusion, the warming delayed the yield and photosynthetic parameters, while growth and development benefited. The <i>milpa</i> systems were differently affected by warming.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/10/1589climate changetemperaturesheat stressOTCintercropping system |
spellingShingle | Idrissa Diédhiou Hugo M. Ramírez-Tobias Javier Fortanelli-Martinez Rogelio Flores-Ramírez Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) Life climate change temperatures heat stress OTC intercropping system |
title | Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) |
title_full | Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) |
title_fullStr | Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) |
title_full_unstemmed | Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) |
title_short | Maize Intercropping in the Traditional “<i>Milpa</i>” System. Physiological, Morphological, and Agronomical Parameters under Induced Warming: Evidence of related Effect of Climate Change in San Luis Potosí (Mexico) |
title_sort | maize intercropping in the traditional i milpa i system physiological morphological and agronomical parameters under induced warming evidence of related effect of climate change in san luis potosi mexico |
topic | climate change temperatures heat stress OTC intercropping system |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/10/1589 |
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