Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury

IntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) often causes continuous neurological damage to clinical patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are related to a lot of diseases, including SCI. We previously found five candidate circRNAs which were likely to regulate the secondary pathophysiological changes in rat m...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Chuan Qin, Yi Liu, Pei-Pei Xu, Xin Zhang, Zuliyaer Talifu, Jia-Yi Liu, Ying-Li Jing, Fan Bai, Li-Xi Zhao, Yan Yu, Feng Gao, Jian-Jun Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-12-01
Series:Frontiers in Neuroscience
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1065897/full
_version_ 1798006174952456192
author Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Ying-Li Jing
Ying-Li Jing
Ying-Li Jing
Fan Bai
Fan Bai
Fan Bai
Li-Xi Zhao
Li-Xi Zhao
Li-Xi Zhao
Yan Yu
Yan Yu
Yan Yu
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
author_facet Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Ying-Li Jing
Ying-Li Jing
Ying-Li Jing
Fan Bai
Fan Bai
Fan Bai
Li-Xi Zhao
Li-Xi Zhao
Li-Xi Zhao
Yan Yu
Yan Yu
Yan Yu
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
author_sort Chuan Qin
collection DOAJ
description IntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) often causes continuous neurological damage to clinical patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are related to a lot of diseases, including SCI. We previously found five candidate circRNAs which were likely to regulate the secondary pathophysiological changes in rat model after traumatic SCI.MethodsIn this study, we first selected and overexpressed target circRNA in rats. We then explored its functional roles using various functional assays in a rat model after SCI.ResultsWe found that rno-circRNA-013017—the selected target circRNA—reduced neuron apoptosis, preserved the survival and activity of motor neurons, and regulated apoptosis-related proteins at 3 days post-SCI using western blot, immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we found that rno-circRNA-013017 inhibited descending axonal degeneration and preserved motor neurons and descending axons at 6 weeks post-SCI using immunofluorescence, biotin dextran amine diffusion tensor imaging. Finally, the overexpression of rno-circRNA-013017 promoted the locomotor function of rats after SCI using open-field test and gait analysis.ConclusionFocusing on the functions of rno-circRNA-013017, this study provides new options for future studies exploring therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms for SCI.
first_indexed 2024-04-11T12:50:42Z
format Article
id doaj.art-7eb617ee19644655a9a7df69f75a70c5
institution Directory Open Access Journal
issn 1662-453X
language English
last_indexed 2024-04-11T12:50:42Z
publishDate 2022-12-01
publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
record_format Article
series Frontiers in Neuroscience
spelling doaj.art-7eb617ee19644655a9a7df69f75a70c52022-12-22T04:23:13ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2022-12-011610.3389/fnins.2022.10658971065897Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injuryChuan Qin0Chuan Qin1Chuan Qin2Chuan Qin3Chuan Qin4Chuan Qin5Yi Liu6Yi Liu7Yi Liu8Yi Liu9Yi Liu10Pei-Pei Xu11Pei-Pei Xu12Pei-Pei Xu13Pei-Pei Xu14Pei-Pei Xu15Xin Zhang16Xin Zhang17Xin Zhang18Xin Zhang19Xin Zhang20Zuliyaer Talifu21Zuliyaer Talifu22Zuliyaer Talifu23Zuliyaer Talifu24Zuliyaer Talifu25Jia-Yi Liu26Jia-Yi Liu27Jia-Yi Liu28Jia-Yi Liu29Jia-Yi Liu30Ying-Li Jing31Ying-Li Jing32Ying-Li Jing33Fan Bai34Fan Bai35Fan Bai36Li-Xi Zhao37Li-Xi Zhao38Li-Xi Zhao39Yan Yu40Yan Yu41Yan Yu42Feng Gao43Feng Gao44Feng Gao45Feng Gao46Feng Gao47Jian-Jun Li48Jian-Jun Li49Jian-Jun Li50Jian-Jun Li51Jian-Jun Li52Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaSchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaChina Rehabilitation Science Institute, Beijing, ChinaCenter of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, ChinaDepartment of Spinal and Neural Functional Reconstruction, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Neural Injury and Rehabilitation, Beijing, ChinaIntroductionSpinal cord injury (SCI) often causes continuous neurological damage to clinical patients. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are related to a lot of diseases, including SCI. We previously found five candidate circRNAs which were likely to regulate the secondary pathophysiological changes in rat model after traumatic SCI.MethodsIn this study, we first selected and overexpressed target circRNA in rats. We then explored its functional roles using various functional assays in a rat model after SCI.ResultsWe found that rno-circRNA-013017—the selected target circRNA—reduced neuron apoptosis, preserved the survival and activity of motor neurons, and regulated apoptosis-related proteins at 3 days post-SCI using western blot, immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, we found that rno-circRNA-013017 inhibited descending axonal degeneration and preserved motor neurons and descending axons at 6 weeks post-SCI using immunofluorescence, biotin dextran amine diffusion tensor imaging. Finally, the overexpression of rno-circRNA-013017 promoted the locomotor function of rats after SCI using open-field test and gait analysis.ConclusionFocusing on the functions of rno-circRNA-013017, this study provides new options for future studies exploring therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms for SCI.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1065897/fullcircRNAsapoptosisaxonal degenerationspinal cord injuryrats
spellingShingle Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Chuan Qin
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Yi Liu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Pei-Pei Xu
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Xin Zhang
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Zuliyaer Talifu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Jia-Yi Liu
Ying-Li Jing
Ying-Li Jing
Ying-Li Jing
Fan Bai
Fan Bai
Fan Bai
Li-Xi Zhao
Li-Xi Zhao
Li-Xi Zhao
Yan Yu
Yan Yu
Yan Yu
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Feng Gao
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Jian-Jun Li
Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
Frontiers in Neuroscience
circRNAs
apoptosis
axonal degeneration
spinal cord injury
rats
title Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
title_full Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
title_fullStr Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
title_full_unstemmed Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
title_short Inhibition by rno-circRNA-013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
title_sort inhibition by rno circrna 013017 of the apoptosis of motor neurons in anterior horn and descending axonal degeneration in rats after traumatic spinal cord injury
topic circRNAs
apoptosis
axonal degeneration
spinal cord injury
rats
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.1065897/full
work_keys_str_mv AT chuanqin inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT chuanqin inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT chuanqin inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT chuanqin inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT chuanqin inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT chuanqin inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT peipeixu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT peipeixu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT peipeixu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT peipeixu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT peipeixu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT xinzhang inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT xinzhang inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT xinzhang inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT xinzhang inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT xinzhang inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT zuliyaertalifu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT zuliyaertalifu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT zuliyaertalifu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT zuliyaertalifu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT zuliyaertalifu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jiayiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jiayiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jiayiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jiayiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jiayiliu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yinglijing inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yinglijing inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yinglijing inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fanbai inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fanbai inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fanbai inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT lixizhao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT lixizhao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT lixizhao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yanyu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yanyu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT yanyu inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fenggao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fenggao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fenggao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fenggao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT fenggao inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jianjunli inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jianjunli inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jianjunli inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jianjunli inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury
AT jianjunli inhibitionbyrnocircrna013017oftheapoptosisofmotorneuronsinanteriorhornanddescendingaxonaldegenerationinratsaftertraumaticspinalcordinjury