Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release
Probiotics are delivered orally for treating gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infections; thus, they should be protected from the harsh environment of the GIT, such as through microencapsulation. Here, we microencapsulated cells of the probiotic <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG via the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Biomimetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/7/4/152 |
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| author | Yasir Anwar Ihsan Ullah Tahseen Kamal Muhammad Wajid Ullah |
| author_facet | Yasir Anwar Ihsan Ullah Tahseen Kamal Muhammad Wajid Ullah |
| author_sort | Yasir Anwar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Probiotics are delivered orally for treating gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infections; thus, they should be protected from the harsh environment of the GIT, such as through microencapsulation. Here, we microencapsulated cells of the probiotic <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG via the liquid-droplet-forming method and evaluated them for oral delivery of bovine lactoferrin (bLf). Briefly, sodium alginate capsules (G-capsules) were first prepared, crosslinked with calcium chloride (C-capsules), and then modified with disodium hydrogen phosphate (M-capsules). All capsules showed good swelling behavior in the order of G-capsules > C-capsules > M-capsules in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.2). FE-SEM observations showed the formation of porous surfaces and successful microencapsulation of <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells. The microencapsulated probiotics showed 85% and 77% viability in SGF and SIF, respectively, after 300 min. Compared to the 65% and 70% viability of gelation-encapsulated and crosslinking-encapsulated <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells, respectively, the mineralization-encapsulated cells showed up to 85% viability after 300 min in SIF. The entrapment of bLf in the mineralization-encapsulated <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells did not show any toxicity to the cells. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the successful surface modification of <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells via gelation, crosslinking, and mineralization, along with the entrapment of bLf on the surface of microencapsulated cells. The findings of these studies show that the microencapsulated <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells with natural polyelectrolytes could be used as stable carriers for the oral and sustainable delivery of beneficial biotherapeutics without compromising their viability and the activity of probiotics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:17:21Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-7673 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:17:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Biomimetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-7f1fbe6151e54c49831dda725c38cdd02023-11-24T13:30:28ZengMDPI AGBiomimetics2313-76732022-10-017415210.3390/biomimetics7040152Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug ReleaseYasir Anwar0Ihsan Ullah1Tahseen Kamal2Muhammad Wajid Ullah3Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaCenter of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaBiofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, ChinaProbiotics are delivered orally for treating gastrointestinal tract (GIT) infections; thus, they should be protected from the harsh environment of the GIT, such as through microencapsulation. Here, we microencapsulated cells of the probiotic <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG via the liquid-droplet-forming method and evaluated them for oral delivery of bovine lactoferrin (bLf). Briefly, sodium alginate capsules (G-capsules) were first prepared, crosslinked with calcium chloride (C-capsules), and then modified with disodium hydrogen phosphate (M-capsules). All capsules showed good swelling behavior in the order of G-capsules > C-capsules > M-capsules in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 2) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.2). FE-SEM observations showed the formation of porous surfaces and successful microencapsulation of <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells. The microencapsulated probiotics showed 85% and 77% viability in SGF and SIF, respectively, after 300 min. Compared to the 65% and 70% viability of gelation-encapsulated and crosslinking-encapsulated <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells, respectively, the mineralization-encapsulated cells showed up to 85% viability after 300 min in SIF. The entrapment of bLf in the mineralization-encapsulated <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells did not show any toxicity to the cells. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the successful surface modification of <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells via gelation, crosslinking, and mineralization, along with the entrapment of bLf on the surface of microencapsulated cells. The findings of these studies show that the microencapsulated <i>L. rhamnosus</i> GG cells with natural polyelectrolytes could be used as stable carriers for the oral and sustainable delivery of beneficial biotherapeutics without compromising their viability and the activity of probiotics.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/7/4/152probioticsmicroencapsulationgelationcrosslinkingmineralizationswelling |
| spellingShingle | Yasir Anwar Ihsan Ullah Tahseen Kamal Muhammad Wajid Ullah Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release Biomimetics probiotics microencapsulation gelation crosslinking mineralization swelling |
| title | Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release |
| title_full | Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release |
| title_fullStr | Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release |
| title_short | Microencapsulation of <i>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus</i> GG for Oral Delivery of Bovine Lactoferrin: Study of Encapsulation Stability, Cell Viability, and Drug Release |
| title_sort | microencapsulation of i lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus i gg for oral delivery of bovine lactoferrin study of encapsulation stability cell viability and drug release |
| topic | probiotics microencapsulation gelation crosslinking mineralization swelling |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-7673/7/4/152 |
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