Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)
IntroductionThe demand for camel milk, which has unique therapeutic properties, is increasing. The mammary gland is the organ in mammals responsible for the production and quality of milk. However, few studies have investigated the genes or pathways related to mammary gland growth and development in...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Veterinary Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1196950/full |
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| author | Huaibing Yao Huaibing Yao Xiaorui Liang Xiaorui Liang Zhihua Dou Zhihua Dou Zhongkai Zhao Zhongkai Zhao Wanpeng Ma Zelin Hao Zelin Hao Hui Yan Hui Yan Yuzhuo Wang Zhuangyuan Wu Gangliang Chen Gangliang Chen Jie Yang Jie Yang |
| author_facet | Huaibing Yao Huaibing Yao Xiaorui Liang Xiaorui Liang Zhihua Dou Zhihua Dou Zhongkai Zhao Zhongkai Zhao Wanpeng Ma Zelin Hao Zelin Hao Hui Yan Hui Yan Yuzhuo Wang Zhuangyuan Wu Gangliang Chen Gangliang Chen Jie Yang Jie Yang |
| author_sort | Huaibing Yao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionThe demand for camel milk, which has unique therapeutic properties, is increasing. The mammary gland is the organ in mammals responsible for the production and quality of milk. However, few studies have investigated the genes or pathways related to mammary gland growth and development in Bactrian camels. This study aimed to compare the morphological changes in mammary gland tissue and transcriptome expression profiles between young and adult female Bactrian camels and to explore the potential candidate genes and signaling pathways related to mammary gland development.MethodsThree 2 years-old female camels and three 5 years-old adult female camels were maintained in the same environment. The parenchyma of the mammary gland tissue was sampled from the camels using percutaneous needle biopsy. Morphological changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze changes in the transcriptome between young and adult camels. Functional enrichment, pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction networks were also analyzed. Gene expression was verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).ResultsHistomorphological analysis showed that the mammary ducts and mammary epithelial cells in adult female camels were greatly developed and differentiated from those in young camels. Transcriptome analysis showed that 2,851 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the adult camel group compared to the young camel group, of which 1,420 were upregulated, 1,431 were downregulated, and 2,419 encoded proteins. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched for 24 pathways, including the Hedgehog signaling pathway which is closely related to mammary gland development. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched for seven pathways, among these the Wnt signaling pathway was significantly related to mammary gland development. The protein–protein interaction network sorted the nodes according to the degree of gene interaction and identified nine candidate genes: PRKAB2, PRKAG3, PLCB4, BTRC, GLI1, WIF1, DKK2, FZD3, and WNT4. The expression of fifteen genes randomly detected by qRT-PCR showed results consistent with those of the transcriptome analysis.DiscussionPreliminary findings indicate that the Hedgehog, Wnt, oxytocin, insulin, and steroid biosynthesis signaling pathways have important effects on mammary gland development in dairy camels. Given the importance of these pathways and the interconnections of the involved genes, the genes in these pathways should be considered potential candidate genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with mammary gland development and milk production in Bactrian camels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-13T07:16:05Z |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7f27c2fd8a174d939f050cd69c0afab22023-06-05T05:22:55ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Veterinary Science2297-17692023-06-011010.3389/fvets.2023.11969501196950Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)Huaibing Yao0Huaibing Yao1Xiaorui Liang2Xiaorui Liang3Zhihua Dou4Zhihua Dou5Zhongkai Zhao6Zhongkai Zhao7Wanpeng Ma8Zelin Hao9Zelin Hao10Hui Yan11Hui Yan12Yuzhuo Wang13Zhuangyuan Wu14Gangliang Chen15Gangliang Chen16Jie Yang17Jie Yang18Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Altai Regional Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station, Altay, ChinaXinjiang Altai Regional Animal Husbandry Veterinary Station, Altay, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaBactrian Camel Academy of Xinjiang, Wangyuan Camel Milk Limited Company, Altay, ChinaKey Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Ürümqi, ChinaXinjiang Camel Industry Engineering Technology Research Center, Ürümqi, ChinaIntroductionThe demand for camel milk, which has unique therapeutic properties, is increasing. The mammary gland is the organ in mammals responsible for the production and quality of milk. However, few studies have investigated the genes or pathways related to mammary gland growth and development in Bactrian camels. This study aimed to compare the morphological changes in mammary gland tissue and transcriptome expression profiles between young and adult female Bactrian camels and to explore the potential candidate genes and signaling pathways related to mammary gland development.MethodsThree 2 years-old female camels and three 5 years-old adult female camels were maintained in the same environment. The parenchyma of the mammary gland tissue was sampled from the camels using percutaneous needle biopsy. Morphological changes were observed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. High-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform to analyze changes in the transcriptome between young and adult camels. Functional enrichment, pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction networks were also analyzed. Gene expression was verified using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).ResultsHistomorphological analysis showed that the mammary ducts and mammary epithelial cells in adult female camels were greatly developed and differentiated from those in young camels. Transcriptome analysis showed that 2,851 differentially expressed genes were obtained in the adult camel group compared to the young camel group, of which 1,420 were upregulated, 1,431 were downregulated, and 2,419 encoded proteins. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were significantly enriched for 24 pathways, including the Hedgehog signaling pathway which is closely related to mammary gland development. The downregulated genes were significantly enriched for seven pathways, among these the Wnt signaling pathway was significantly related to mammary gland development. The protein–protein interaction network sorted the nodes according to the degree of gene interaction and identified nine candidate genes: PRKAB2, PRKAG3, PLCB4, BTRC, GLI1, WIF1, DKK2, FZD3, and WNT4. The expression of fifteen genes randomly detected by qRT-PCR showed results consistent with those of the transcriptome analysis.DiscussionPreliminary findings indicate that the Hedgehog, Wnt, oxytocin, insulin, and steroid biosynthesis signaling pathways have important effects on mammary gland development in dairy camels. Given the importance of these pathways and the interconnections of the involved genes, the genes in these pathways should be considered potential candidate genes. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms associated with mammary gland development and milk production in Bactrian camels.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1196950/fullBactrian cameltranscriptome sequencingmammary glanddevelopmentdifferentially expressed gene |
| spellingShingle | Huaibing Yao Huaibing Yao Xiaorui Liang Xiaorui Liang Zhihua Dou Zhihua Dou Zhongkai Zhao Zhongkai Zhao Wanpeng Ma Zelin Hao Zelin Hao Hui Yan Hui Yan Yuzhuo Wang Zhuangyuan Wu Gangliang Chen Gangliang Chen Jie Yang Jie Yang Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) Frontiers in Veterinary Science Bactrian camel transcriptome sequencing mammary gland development differentially expressed gene |
| title | Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) |
| title_full | Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) |
| title_fullStr | Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) |
| title_short | Transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) |
| title_sort | transcriptome analysis to identify candidate genes related to mammary gland development of bactrian camel camelus bactrianus |
| topic | Bactrian camel transcriptome sequencing mammary gland development differentially expressed gene |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2023.1196950/full |
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