| Summary: | Ensuring the safety of tunnel structures in unique underwater environments is of paramount importance. This study focuses on the entrance section of a river-crossing tunnel, characterized by shallow burial depths with significant variations. The tunnel structure faces challenges related to structural weakening, and its deformation response exhibits specific characteristics under seismic loads. Numerical simulation software was employed to model and calculate the deformation response of the shallowly buried entrance section under seismic load conditions, assessing the impact of changes in tunnel structural strength and burial depth. The results reveal the following key findings: (1) As the tunnel structure weakens, structures of varying strengths primarily experience vertical deformation under seismic loads, followed by horizontal deformation. Furthermore, as the tunnel structure’s strength decreases, it exhibits an increasing trend in deformation. Routine maintenance should prioritize locations where the tunnel structure weakens, implementing timely reinforcement measures to ensure adequate load-bearing capacity. (2) Considering the influence of tunnel structural burial depth, lateral deformation values rank in descending order from largest to smallest, including the tunnel bottom, middle carriageway, middle of the tunnel, and tunnel vault, while the overall lateral deformation of the tunnel is not significant, it decreases as the structural burial depth increases. (3) In relation to tunnel structural burial depth, vertical deformation values generally exceed horizontal deformation values. Sections with the highest to lowest deformation values are the tunnel bottom, middle lane of the tunnel, middle of the tunnel, and position of the tunnel vault. With increasing burial depth, the vertical deformation values decrease at a slower rate than horizontal deformation. The tunnel structure demonstrates a higher sensitivity of lateral deformation to changes in burial depth factors.
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