Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production

In pigs, antimicrobial use (AMU) practices vary at different production phases between herds and between countries. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development is linked to AMU but recognized as a multi-factorial issue, and thus, any information increasing knowledge of AMU and AMR relationships is va...

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Main Authors: Virpi Sali, Suvi Nykäsenoja, Annamari Heikinheimo, Outi Hälli, Taneli Tirkkonen, Mari Heinonen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2021-11-01
Series:Frontiers in Microbiology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.754894/full
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author Virpi Sali
Suvi Nykäsenoja
Annamari Heikinheimo
Annamari Heikinheimo
Outi Hälli
Taneli Tirkkonen
Mari Heinonen
author_facet Virpi Sali
Suvi Nykäsenoja
Annamari Heikinheimo
Annamari Heikinheimo
Outi Hälli
Taneli Tirkkonen
Mari Heinonen
author_sort Virpi Sali
collection DOAJ
description In pigs, antimicrobial use (AMU) practices vary at different production phases between herds and between countries. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development is linked to AMU but recognized as a multi-factorial issue, and thus, any information increasing knowledge of AMU and AMR relationships is valuable. We described AMU and screened the carriage of different AMR phenotypes of indicator Escherichia coli in 25 selected Finnish piglet-producing and finishing herds that formed nine birth-to-slaughter production lines. Moreover, we studied associations between AMU and AMR in both herd types and throughout the production line. Treatment records were obtained from the national Sikava register for 1year, and AMU was quantified as mg/PCU (population correction unit) and TIs (treatment incidences). For phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ten pen-level pooled feces samples (n=250) in each herd were collected from one room representing the oldest weaned piglets or the oldest finishing pigs. Majority of the medications (96.8%) was administered parenterally, and penicillin was the predominant antimicrobial in every herd. More different antimicrobial substances were used in piglet-producing than in finishing herds (median 5 and 1, respectively, p<0.001). As mg/PCU, sows had the highest AMU and suckling piglets had the highest TIs, whereas finishing pigs were the least treated age group. The proportion of susceptible indicator E. coli isolates of all studied isolates was 59.6%. Resistance was found most commonly against tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ampicillin, and multi-resistant (MR) isolates (46.5% of all resistant isolates) were resistant to a maximum of four different antimicrobials. Quinolone resistance was rare, and no resistance against 3rd-generation cephalosporins, meropenem, azithromycin, colistin, gentamicin, or tigecycline was detected. The main associations between AMU and AMR were found at antimicrobial group level when use was compared with the presence of AMR phenotypes. The proportion of resistant isolates was not associated with AMU, and herd size was not associated with either AMU or AMR. We suggest that the use of narrow-spectrum beta-lactams as a primary treatment option and lack of wide application of oral group medications potentially favors a good resistance pattern in integrated pork production.
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spelling doaj.art-7f345d3b183d4a76b35fea0cfa955e072022-12-21T20:28:32ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2021-11-011210.3389/fmicb.2021.754894754894Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork ProductionVirpi Sali0Suvi Nykäsenoja1Annamari Heikinheimo2Annamari Heikinheimo3Outi Hälli4Taneli Tirkkonen5Mari Heinonen6Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, FinlandMicrobiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, FinlandMicrobiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FinlandDepartment of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, FinlandAtria Finland Plc, Seinäjoki, FinlandDepartment of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Mäntsälä, FinlandIn pigs, antimicrobial use (AMU) practices vary at different production phases between herds and between countries. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development is linked to AMU but recognized as a multi-factorial issue, and thus, any information increasing knowledge of AMU and AMR relationships is valuable. We described AMU and screened the carriage of different AMR phenotypes of indicator Escherichia coli in 25 selected Finnish piglet-producing and finishing herds that formed nine birth-to-slaughter production lines. Moreover, we studied associations between AMU and AMR in both herd types and throughout the production line. Treatment records were obtained from the national Sikava register for 1year, and AMU was quantified as mg/PCU (population correction unit) and TIs (treatment incidences). For phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ten pen-level pooled feces samples (n=250) in each herd were collected from one room representing the oldest weaned piglets or the oldest finishing pigs. Majority of the medications (96.8%) was administered parenterally, and penicillin was the predominant antimicrobial in every herd. More different antimicrobial substances were used in piglet-producing than in finishing herds (median 5 and 1, respectively, p<0.001). As mg/PCU, sows had the highest AMU and suckling piglets had the highest TIs, whereas finishing pigs were the least treated age group. The proportion of susceptible indicator E. coli isolates of all studied isolates was 59.6%. Resistance was found most commonly against tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ampicillin, and multi-resistant (MR) isolates (46.5% of all resistant isolates) were resistant to a maximum of four different antimicrobials. Quinolone resistance was rare, and no resistance against 3rd-generation cephalosporins, meropenem, azithromycin, colistin, gentamicin, or tigecycline was detected. The main associations between AMU and AMR were found at antimicrobial group level when use was compared with the presence of AMR phenotypes. The proportion of resistant isolates was not associated with AMU, and herd size was not associated with either AMU or AMR. We suggest that the use of narrow-spectrum beta-lactams as a primary treatment option and lack of wide application of oral group medications potentially favors a good resistance pattern in integrated pork production.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.754894/fullantimicrobial useantimicrobial resistancepig herdindicator organismintegrated pork production
spellingShingle Virpi Sali
Suvi Nykäsenoja
Annamari Heikinheimo
Annamari Heikinheimo
Outi Hälli
Taneli Tirkkonen
Mari Heinonen
Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production
Frontiers in Microbiology
antimicrobial use
antimicrobial resistance
pig herd
indicator organism
integrated pork production
title Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production
title_full Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production
title_fullStr Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production
title_full_unstemmed Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production
title_short Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production
title_sort antimicrobial use and susceptibility of indicator escherichia coli in finnish integrated pork production
topic antimicrobial use
antimicrobial resistance
pig herd
indicator organism
integrated pork production
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.754894/full
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AT annamariheikinheimo antimicrobialuseandsusceptibilityofindicatorescherichiacoliinfinnishintegratedporkproduction
AT annamariheikinheimo antimicrobialuseandsusceptibilityofindicatorescherichiacoliinfinnishintegratedporkproduction
AT outihalli antimicrobialuseandsusceptibilityofindicatorescherichiacoliinfinnishintegratedporkproduction
AT tanelitirkkonen antimicrobialuseandsusceptibilityofindicatorescherichiacoliinfinnishintegratedporkproduction
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