Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 4-week low-carbohydrate diet (LC) with or without exercise training on cardiometabolic health-related profiles in overweight/obese women. Methods: Fifty overweight/obese Chinese women (age: 22.2 ± 3.3 years, body mass index (BMI):...
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MDPI AG
2021-05-01
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| Series: | Healthcare |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/6/637 |
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| author | Shengyan Sun Zhaowei Kong Qingde Shi Haifeng Zhang On-Kei Lei Jinlei Nie |
| author_facet | Shengyan Sun Zhaowei Kong Qingde Shi Haifeng Zhang On-Kei Lei Jinlei Nie |
| author_sort | Shengyan Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 4-week low-carbohydrate diet (LC) with or without exercise training on cardiometabolic health-related profiles in overweight/obese women. Methods: Fifty overweight/obese Chinese women (age: 22.2 ± 3.3 years, body mass index (BMI): 25.1 ± 3.1 kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) were randomized to either a LC control group (LC-CON, <i>n</i> = 16), a LC and high-intensity interval training group (LC-HIIT, <i>n</i> = 17), or a LC and moderate-intensity continuous training group (LC-MICT, <i>n</i> = 17). All groups consumed LC for 4 weeks, while the LC-HIIT and LC-MICT groups followed an additional five sessions of HIIT (10 × 6 s cycling sprints and 9 s rest intervals, 2.5 min in total) or MICT (cycling continuously at 50–60% of peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) for 30 min) weekly. Blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin sensitivity, and several metabolic or appetite regulating hormones were measured before and after intervention. Results: Significant reductions in body weight (− ~2.5 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.001, <i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.772) and BMI (− ~1 unit, <i>p <</i> 0.001, <i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.782) were found in all groups. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 5–6 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.370); fasting insulin, leptin, and ghrelin levels were also significantly decreased (<i>p <</i> 0.05), while insulin sensitivity was improved. However, there were no significant changes in fasting glucose, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory peptide levels. Furthermore, no group differences were found among the three groups, suggesting that extra training (i.e., LC-HIIT and LC-MICT) failed to trigger additional effects on these cardiometabolic profiles. Conclusions: The short-term carbohydrate restriction diet caused significant weight loss and improved blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in the overweight/obese women, although the combination with exercise training had no additional benefits on the examined cardiometabolic profiles. Moreover, the long-term safety and effectiveness of LC needs further study. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:58:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7f394231b7974f978eadb200c417f025 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T10:58:38Z |
| publishDate | 2021-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7f394231b7974f978eadb200c417f0252023-11-21T21:40:31ZengMDPI AGHealthcare2227-90322021-05-019663710.3390/healthcare9060637Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight WomenShengyan Sun0Zhaowei Kong1Qingde Shi2Haifeng Zhang3On-Kei Lei4Jinlei Nie5Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, ChinaFaculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, ChinaSchool of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, ChinaCollege of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, ChinaFaculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, ChinaSchool of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, ChinaObjective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 4-week low-carbohydrate diet (LC) with or without exercise training on cardiometabolic health-related profiles in overweight/obese women. Methods: Fifty overweight/obese Chinese women (age: 22.2 ± 3.3 years, body mass index (BMI): 25.1 ± 3.1 kg·m<sup>−2</sup>) were randomized to either a LC control group (LC-CON, <i>n</i> = 16), a LC and high-intensity interval training group (LC-HIIT, <i>n</i> = 17), or a LC and moderate-intensity continuous training group (LC-MICT, <i>n</i> = 17). All groups consumed LC for 4 weeks, while the LC-HIIT and LC-MICT groups followed an additional five sessions of HIIT (10 × 6 s cycling sprints and 9 s rest intervals, 2.5 min in total) or MICT (cycling continuously at 50–60% of peak oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2peak</sub>) for 30 min) weekly. Blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin sensitivity, and several metabolic or appetite regulating hormones were measured before and after intervention. Results: Significant reductions in body weight (− ~2.5 kg, <i>p <</i> 0.001, <i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.772) and BMI (− ~1 unit, <i>p <</i> 0.001, <i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.782) were found in all groups. Systolic blood pressure was reduced by 5–6 mmHg (<i>p</i> < 0.001, <i>η<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.370); fasting insulin, leptin, and ghrelin levels were also significantly decreased (<i>p <</i> 0.05), while insulin sensitivity was improved. However, there were no significant changes in fasting glucose, glucagon, and gastric inhibitory peptide levels. Furthermore, no group differences were found among the three groups, suggesting that extra training (i.e., LC-HIIT and LC-MICT) failed to trigger additional effects on these cardiometabolic profiles. Conclusions: The short-term carbohydrate restriction diet caused significant weight loss and improved blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in the overweight/obese women, although the combination with exercise training had no additional benefits on the examined cardiometabolic profiles. Moreover, the long-term safety and effectiveness of LC needs further study.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/6/637low-carbohydrate dietexercisecardiometabolic healthappetite regulating hormonesobesity |
| spellingShingle | Shengyan Sun Zhaowei Kong Qingde Shi Haifeng Zhang On-Kei Lei Jinlei Nie Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women Healthcare low-carbohydrate diet exercise cardiometabolic health appetite regulating hormones obesity |
| title | Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women |
| title_full | Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women |
| title_fullStr | Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women |
| title_full_unstemmed | Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women |
| title_short | Carbohydrate Restriction with or without Exercise Training Improves Blood Pressure and Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight Women |
| title_sort | carbohydrate restriction with or without exercise training improves blood pressure and insulin sensitivity in overweight women |
| topic | low-carbohydrate diet exercise cardiometabolic health appetite regulating hormones obesity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/9/6/637 |
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