Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>
The extensive employment of copper-based fungicides has increased copper concentration in vineyard soils. The present study’s objectives were to monitor copper concentration in two vineyard soils during two cropping seasons and study the ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm <i>Eisenia fet...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/310 |
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| author | Arianna De Bernardi Enrica Marini Cristiano Casucci Luca Tiano Fabio Marcheggiani Costantino Vischetti |
| author_facet | Arianna De Bernardi Enrica Marini Cristiano Casucci Luca Tiano Fabio Marcheggiani Costantino Vischetti |
| author_sort | Arianna De Bernardi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The extensive employment of copper-based fungicides has increased copper concentration in vineyard soils. The present study’s objectives were to monitor copper concentration in two vineyard soils during two cropping seasons and study the ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. Total, soluble, and bioavailable copper fractions were measured at the end of two cropping seasons and different depths in two vineyards of central Italy, characterised by three anticryptogamic control methods: copper compounds, chitosan, and combined treatments of them. A laboratory experiment to assess the effects on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> was conducted with soil samples collected in the vineyards with a mean copper concentration of 60 mg/kg and two higher concentrations of 90 and 150 mg/kg. Results showed low levels of total copper concentration in the first 20 cm of soils, regardless of antifungal treatment, highlighting prudent management of the vineyards under study, but the soluble fractions showed a significant increase in all samples during the two cropping seasons. At the dose of 150 mg/kg, earthworms suffer during the first two days, showing weight loss and DNA damage, but they are able to recover until day 28, showing no permanent harm at this copper concentration in soil. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7f50e16170b1497ab9cb00fe8447557d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:20:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-7f50e16170b1497ab9cb00fe8447557d2023-11-23T19:16:07ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042022-06-0110631010.3390/toxics10060310Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>Arianna De Bernardi0Enrica Marini1Cristiano Casucci2Luca Tiano3Fabio Marcheggiani4Costantino Vischetti5Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, ItalyThe extensive employment of copper-based fungicides has increased copper concentration in vineyard soils. The present study’s objectives were to monitor copper concentration in two vineyard soils during two cropping seasons and study the ecotoxicological effects on the earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. Total, soluble, and bioavailable copper fractions were measured at the end of two cropping seasons and different depths in two vineyards of central Italy, characterised by three anticryptogamic control methods: copper compounds, chitosan, and combined treatments of them. A laboratory experiment to assess the effects on <i>Eisenia fetida</i> was conducted with soil samples collected in the vineyards with a mean copper concentration of 60 mg/kg and two higher concentrations of 90 and 150 mg/kg. Results showed low levels of total copper concentration in the first 20 cm of soils, regardless of antifungal treatment, highlighting prudent management of the vineyards under study, but the soluble fractions showed a significant increase in all samples during the two cropping seasons. At the dose of 150 mg/kg, earthworms suffer during the first two days, showing weight loss and DNA damage, but they are able to recover until day 28, showing no permanent harm at this copper concentration in soil.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/310copper fungicidesoil contaminationecotoxicologyearthworms<i>Eisenia fetida</i>comet assay |
| spellingShingle | Arianna De Bernardi Enrica Marini Cristiano Casucci Luca Tiano Fabio Marcheggiani Costantino Vischetti Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> Toxics copper fungicide soil contamination ecotoxicology earthworms <i>Eisenia fetida</i> comet assay |
| title | Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> |
| title_full | Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> |
| title_fullStr | Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> |
| title_short | Copper Monitoring in Vineyard Soils of Central Italy Subjected to Three Antifungal Treatments, and Effects of Sub-Lethal Copper Doses on the Earthworm <i>Eisenia fetida</i> |
| title_sort | copper monitoring in vineyard soils of central italy subjected to three antifungal treatments and effects of sub lethal copper doses on the earthworm i eisenia fetida i |
| topic | copper fungicide soil contamination ecotoxicology earthworms <i>Eisenia fetida</i> comet assay |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/10/6/310 |
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