Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides
Ginsenoside is the primary active substance of ginseng and has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, immune, regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant effects. It also protects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This study analyzes the effects of thermal processing on...
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MDPI AG
2023-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7223 |
| _version_ | 1797605087444467712 |
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| author | Yun-Jeong Ji Hyung Don Kim Eun Suk Lee Gwi Yeong Jang Hyun-A Seong |
| author_facet | Yun-Jeong Ji Hyung Don Kim Eun Suk Lee Gwi Yeong Jang Hyun-A Seong |
| author_sort | Yun-Jeong Ji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ginsenoside is the primary active substance of ginseng and has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, immune, regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant effects. It also protects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This study analyzes the effects of thermal processing on the bioactivities of crude ginseng saponin. Heat treatment increased the contents of minor ginsenosides in crude saponins, such as Rg3, and heat-treated crude ginseng saponin (HGS) had better neuroprotective effects than non-treated crude saponin (NGS). HGS reduced glutamate-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, significantly more than NGS. HGS protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulating MAPK-mediated apoptotic signaling. HGS has the potential for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:56:11Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7f5f34eb673a42f69960652819522f2e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:56:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-7f5f34eb673a42f69960652819522f2e2023-11-17T19:37:07ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672023-04-01248722310.3390/ijms24087223Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor GinsenosidesYun-Jeong Ji0Hyung Don Kim1Eun Suk Lee2Gwi Yeong Jang3Hyun-A Seong4Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaGinsenoside is the primary active substance of ginseng and has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancer, immune, regulating sugar and lipid metabolism, and antioxidant effects. It also protects the nervous and cardiovascular systems. This study analyzes the effects of thermal processing on the bioactivities of crude ginseng saponin. Heat treatment increased the contents of minor ginsenosides in crude saponins, such as Rg3, and heat-treated crude ginseng saponin (HGS) had better neuroprotective effects than non-treated crude saponin (NGS). HGS reduced glutamate-induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species generation in pheochromocytoma 12 (PC12) cells, significantly more than NGS. HGS protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling and downregulating MAPK-mediated apoptotic signaling. HGS has the potential for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7223<i>Panax ginseng</i>crude saponinginsenoside compositionglutamateheat treatmentneurodegenerative disorders |
| spellingShingle | Yun-Jeong Ji Hyung Don Kim Eun Suk Lee Gwi Yeong Jang Hyun-A Seong Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides International Journal of Molecular Sciences <i>Panax ginseng</i> crude saponin ginsenoside composition glutamate heat treatment neurodegenerative disorders |
| title | Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides |
| title_full | Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides |
| title_fullStr | Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides |
| title_full_unstemmed | Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides |
| title_short | Heat Treatment Enhances the Neuroprotective Effects of Crude Ginseng Saponin by Increasing Minor Ginsenosides |
| title_sort | heat treatment enhances the neuroprotective effects of crude ginseng saponin by increasing minor ginsenosides |
| topic | <i>Panax ginseng</i> crude saponin ginsenoside composition glutamate heat treatment neurodegenerative disorders |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/8/7223 |
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