A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency
In this paper, a novel method to modify color images for the protanopia and deuteranopia color vision deficiencies is proposed. The method admits certain criteria, such as preserving image naturalness and color contrast enhancement. Four modules are employed in the process. First, fuzzy clustering-b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2740 |
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| author | George E. Tsekouras Anastasios Rigos Stamatis Chatzistamatis John Tsimikas Konstantinos Kotis George Caridakis Christos-Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos |
| author_facet | George E. Tsekouras Anastasios Rigos Stamatis Chatzistamatis John Tsimikas Konstantinos Kotis George Caridakis Christos-Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos |
| author_sort | George E. Tsekouras |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this paper, a novel method to modify color images for the protanopia and deuteranopia color vision deficiencies is proposed. The method admits certain criteria, such as preserving image naturalness and color contrast enhancement. Four modules are employed in the process. First, fuzzy clustering-based color segmentation extracts key colors (which are the cluster centers) of the input image. Second, the key colors are mapped onto the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram. Then, using the concept of confusion line (i.e., loci of colors confused by the color-blind), a sophisticated mechanism translates (i.e., removes) key colors lying on the same confusion line to different confusion lines so that they can be discriminated by the color-blind. In the third module, the key colors are further adapted by optimizing a regularized objective function that combines the aforementioned criteria. Fourth, the recolored image is obtained by color transfer that involves the adapted key colors and the associated fuzzy clusters. Three related methods are compared with the proposed one, using two performance indices, and evaluated by several experiments over 195 natural images and six digitized art paintings. The main outcomes of the comparative analysis are as follows. (a) Quantitative evaluation based on nonparametric statistical analysis is conducted by comparing the proposed method to each one of the other three methods for protanopia and deuteranopia, and for each index. In most of the comparisons, the Bonferroni adjusted <i>p</i>-values are <0.015, favoring the superiority of the proposed method. (b) Qualitative evaluation verifies the aesthetic appearance of the recolored images. (c) Subjective evaluation supports the above results. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:22:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7f8658aaef2f4c96a69bf15b7d9a7afe |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:22:17Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-7f8658aaef2f4c96a69bf15b7d9a7afe2023-11-21T15:23:10ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202021-04-01218274010.3390/s21082740A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision DeficiencyGeorge E. Tsekouras0Anastasios Rigos1Stamatis Chatzistamatis2John Tsimikas3Konstantinos Kotis4George Caridakis5Christos-Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos6Department of Cultural Technology and Communications, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceDepartment of Cultural Technology and Communications, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceDepartment of Cultural Technology and Communications, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceDepartment of Statistics and Actuarial-Financial Mathematics, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceDepartment of Cultural Technology and Communications, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceDepartment of Cultural Technology and Communications, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceDepartment of Cultural Technology and Communications, University of the Aegean, 811 00 Mitilini, GreeceIn this paper, a novel method to modify color images for the protanopia and deuteranopia color vision deficiencies is proposed. The method admits certain criteria, such as preserving image naturalness and color contrast enhancement. Four modules are employed in the process. First, fuzzy clustering-based color segmentation extracts key colors (which are the cluster centers) of the input image. Second, the key colors are mapped onto the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram. Then, using the concept of confusion line (i.e., loci of colors confused by the color-blind), a sophisticated mechanism translates (i.e., removes) key colors lying on the same confusion line to different confusion lines so that they can be discriminated by the color-blind. In the third module, the key colors are further adapted by optimizing a regularized objective function that combines the aforementioned criteria. Fourth, the recolored image is obtained by color transfer that involves the adapted key colors and the associated fuzzy clusters. Three related methods are compared with the proposed one, using two performance indices, and evaluated by several experiments over 195 natural images and six digitized art paintings. The main outcomes of the comparative analysis are as follows. (a) Quantitative evaluation based on nonparametric statistical analysis is conducted by comparing the proposed method to each one of the other three methods for protanopia and deuteranopia, and for each index. In most of the comparisons, the Bonferroni adjusted <i>p</i>-values are <0.015, favoring the superiority of the proposed method. (b) Qualitative evaluation verifies the aesthetic appearance of the recolored images. (c) Subjective evaluation supports the above results.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2740color vision deficiencyimage recoloringconfusion linechromaticity diagramfuzzy clusteringdifferential evolution |
| spellingShingle | George E. Tsekouras Anastasios Rigos Stamatis Chatzistamatis John Tsimikas Konstantinos Kotis George Caridakis Christos-Nikolaos Anagnostopoulos A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency Sensors color vision deficiency image recoloring confusion line chromaticity diagram fuzzy clustering differential evolution |
| title | A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency |
| title_full | A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency |
| title_fullStr | A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency |
| title_short | A Novel Approach to Image Recoloring for Color Vision Deficiency |
| title_sort | novel approach to image recoloring for color vision deficiency |
| topic | color vision deficiency image recoloring confusion line chromaticity diagram fuzzy clustering differential evolution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/21/8/2740 |
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