A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application
A reformed particle swarm optimization (R<sub>PSO</sub>)-based up-conversion mixer circuit is proposed for radar application in this paper. In practice, a non-optimized up-conversion mixer suffers from high power consumption, poor linearity, and conversion gain. Therefore, the R<sub&g...
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MDPI AG
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/879 |
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| author | Tahesin Samira Delwar Unal Aras Abrar Siddique Yangwon Lee Jee-Youl Ryu |
| author_facet | Tahesin Samira Delwar Unal Aras Abrar Siddique Yangwon Lee Jee-Youl Ryu |
| author_sort | Tahesin Samira Delwar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A reformed particle swarm optimization (R<sub>PSO</sub>)-based up-conversion mixer circuit is proposed for radar application in this paper. In practice, a non-optimized up-conversion mixer suffers from high power consumption, poor linearity, and conversion gain. Therefore, the R<sub>PSO</sub> algorithm is proposed to optimize the up-conversion mixer. The novelty of the proposed R<sub>PSO</sub> algorithm is it helps to solve the problem of local optima and premature convergence in traditional particle swarm optimization (T<sub>PSO</sub>). Furthermore, in the R<sub>PSO</sub>, a velocity position-based convergence (VP<sub>C</sub>) and wavelet mutation (W<sub>M</sub>) strategy are used to enhance R<sub>PSO</sub>’s swarm diversity. Moreover, this work also features novel circuit configurations based on the two-fold transconductance path (T<sub>TP</sub>), a technique used to improve linearity. A differential common source (D<sub>CS</sub>) amplifier is included in the primary transconductance path (P<sub>TP</sub>) of the T<sub>TP</sub>. As for the subsidiary transconductance path (S<sub>TP</sub>), the enhanced cross-quad transconductor (E<sub>CQT</sub>) is implemented within the T<sub>TP</sub>. A benchmark function verification is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the R<sub>PSO</sub> algorithm. The proposed R<sub>PSO</sub> has also been compared with other optimization algorithms such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). By using R<sub>PSO</sub>, the proposed optimized mixer achieves a conversion gain (CG) of 2.5 dB (measured). In this study, the proposed mixer achieves a 1 dB compression point (OP<sub>1</sub>dB) of 4.2 dBm with a high linearity. In the proposed mixer, the noise figure (NF) is approximately 3.1 dB. While the power dissipation of the optimized mixer is 3.24 mW. Additionally, the average time for R<sub>PSO</sub> to design an up-conversion mixer is 4.535 s. Simulation and measured results demonstrate the excellent performance of the R<sub>PSO</sub> optimized up-conversion mixer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:48:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7fb67a68dc1943dfa93318fa0041bcd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:48:52Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-7fb67a68dc1943dfa93318fa0041bcd82024-02-09T15:22:07ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202024-01-0124387910.3390/s24030879A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar ApplicationTahesin Samira Delwar0Unal Aras1Abrar Siddique2Yangwon Lee3Jee-Youl Ryu4Department of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Global IT Engineering, Kyungsung University, Busan 48434, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Spatial Information Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Smart Robot Convergence and Application Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of KoreaA reformed particle swarm optimization (R<sub>PSO</sub>)-based up-conversion mixer circuit is proposed for radar application in this paper. In practice, a non-optimized up-conversion mixer suffers from high power consumption, poor linearity, and conversion gain. Therefore, the R<sub>PSO</sub> algorithm is proposed to optimize the up-conversion mixer. The novelty of the proposed R<sub>PSO</sub> algorithm is it helps to solve the problem of local optima and premature convergence in traditional particle swarm optimization (T<sub>PSO</sub>). Furthermore, in the R<sub>PSO</sub>, a velocity position-based convergence (VP<sub>C</sub>) and wavelet mutation (W<sub>M</sub>) strategy are used to enhance R<sub>PSO</sub>’s swarm diversity. Moreover, this work also features novel circuit configurations based on the two-fold transconductance path (T<sub>TP</sub>), a technique used to improve linearity. A differential common source (D<sub>CS</sub>) amplifier is included in the primary transconductance path (P<sub>TP</sub>) of the T<sub>TP</sub>. As for the subsidiary transconductance path (S<sub>TP</sub>), the enhanced cross-quad transconductor (E<sub>CQT</sub>) is implemented within the T<sub>TP</sub>. A benchmark function verification is conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the R<sub>PSO</sub> algorithm. The proposed R<sub>PSO</sub> has also been compared with other optimization algorithms such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II). By using R<sub>PSO</sub>, the proposed optimized mixer achieves a conversion gain (CG) of 2.5 dB (measured). In this study, the proposed mixer achieves a 1 dB compression point (OP<sub>1</sub>dB) of 4.2 dBm with a high linearity. In the proposed mixer, the noise figure (NF) is approximately 3.1 dB. While the power dissipation of the optimized mixer is 3.24 mW. Additionally, the average time for R<sub>PSO</sub> to design an up-conversion mixer is 4.535 s. Simulation and measured results demonstrate the excellent performance of the R<sub>PSO</sub> optimized up-conversion mixer.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/879enhanced cross-quad transconductorreformed particle swarm optimizationradartwo-fold transconductance pathup-conversion mixer |
| spellingShingle | Tahesin Samira Delwar Unal Aras Abrar Siddique Yangwon Lee Jee-Youl Ryu A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application Sensors enhanced cross-quad transconductor reformed particle swarm optimization radar two-fold transconductance path up-conversion mixer |
| title | A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application |
| title_full | A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application |
| title_fullStr | A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application |
| title_short | A Reformed PSO-Based High Linear Optimized Up-Conversion Mixer for Radar Application |
| title_sort | reformed pso based high linear optimized up conversion mixer for radar application |
| topic | enhanced cross-quad transconductor reformed particle swarm optimization radar two-fold transconductance path up-conversion mixer |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/24/3/879 |
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