<i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i>
<i>Flammulina velutipes</i> is a renowned edible and medicinal fungus. Commercially cultivated <i>F. velutipes</i> occurs in two distinct phenotypes: white and yellow. However, the underlying mechanism contributing to the yellow phenotype and high nutritional value remain unc...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Journal of Fungi |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/11/1063 |
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| author | Jiangyi Zeng Dingding Shi Ying Chen Xuemei Bao Yuan Zong |
| author_facet | Jiangyi Zeng Dingding Shi Ying Chen Xuemei Bao Yuan Zong |
| author_sort | Jiangyi Zeng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> is a renowned edible and medicinal fungus. Commercially cultivated <i>F. velutipes</i> occurs in two distinct phenotypes: white and yellow. However, the underlying mechanism contributing to the yellow phenotype and high nutritional value remain uncertain. We reconfirmed that the browning process in <i>F. velutipes</i> is attributable to melanin accumulation, although the initial yellow cap seemed unrelated to melanin. A transcriptomic and metabolomic joint analysis revealed that 477 chemical compounds categorized into 11 classes, among which 191 exhibited significantly different levels of accumulation between different phenotypes. Specifically, 12 compounds were unique to the yellow <i>F. velutipes</i>, including ferulic acid, and 3-Aminosalicylic acid. Free fatty acids and xanthine were identified as the primary compounds correlating with the yellow and oily cap. A total of 44,087 genes were identified, which were more homologous to <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> PC15. Structural genes such as <i>PAL</i> (phenylalanine ammonialyase), <i>C4H</i> (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), <i>C3H</i> (Coumarin-3-hydroxylase), <i>AoMT</i> (caffeoyl coenzyme A-O-methyltransferase), and <i>4CL</i> (4-coumarate: CoA ligase) were up-regulated, thereby activating the lignin biosynthesis and metabolism pathway. Additionally, <i>FvbHLH1</i> can lead to the consumption of a huge amount of phenylalanine while generating flavonoids and organic acid compounds. Meanwhile, ferulic acid biosynthesis was activated. Therefore, this study clarifies the chemical and molecular bases for the yellow phenotype and nutritional value of <i>F. velutipes</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:42:09Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2309-608X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:42:09Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Fungi |
| spelling | doaj.art-7fd9fcc4a2ec420fa89468032908a2d22023-11-24T14:51:00ZengMDPI AGJournal of Fungi2309-608X2023-10-01911106310.3390/jof9111063<i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i>Jiangyi Zeng0Dingding Shi1Ying Chen2Xuemei Bao3Yuan Zong4Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaCollege of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaCollege of Education, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, ChinaQinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Xining 810008, China<i>Flammulina velutipes</i> is a renowned edible and medicinal fungus. Commercially cultivated <i>F. velutipes</i> occurs in two distinct phenotypes: white and yellow. However, the underlying mechanism contributing to the yellow phenotype and high nutritional value remain uncertain. We reconfirmed that the browning process in <i>F. velutipes</i> is attributable to melanin accumulation, although the initial yellow cap seemed unrelated to melanin. A transcriptomic and metabolomic joint analysis revealed that 477 chemical compounds categorized into 11 classes, among which 191 exhibited significantly different levels of accumulation between different phenotypes. Specifically, 12 compounds were unique to the yellow <i>F. velutipes</i>, including ferulic acid, and 3-Aminosalicylic acid. Free fatty acids and xanthine were identified as the primary compounds correlating with the yellow and oily cap. A total of 44,087 genes were identified, which were more homologous to <i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i> PC15. Structural genes such as <i>PAL</i> (phenylalanine ammonialyase), <i>C4H</i> (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase), <i>C3H</i> (Coumarin-3-hydroxylase), <i>AoMT</i> (caffeoyl coenzyme A-O-methyltransferase), and <i>4CL</i> (4-coumarate: CoA ligase) were up-regulated, thereby activating the lignin biosynthesis and metabolism pathway. Additionally, <i>FvbHLH1</i> can lead to the consumption of a huge amount of phenylalanine while generating flavonoids and organic acid compounds. Meanwhile, ferulic acid biosynthesis was activated. Therefore, this study clarifies the chemical and molecular bases for the yellow phenotype and nutritional value of <i>F. velutipes</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/11/1063<i>Flammulina velutipes</i>ferulic acidtranscriptomemetabolome<i>FvbHLH1</i> |
| spellingShingle | Jiangyi Zeng Dingding Shi Ying Chen Xuemei Bao Yuan Zong <i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> Journal of Fungi <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> ferulic acid transcriptome metabolome <i>FvbHLH1</i> |
| title | <i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> |
| title_full | <i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> |
| title_fullStr | <i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> |
| title_short | <i>FvbHLH1</i> Regulates the Accumulation of Phenolic Compounds in the Yellow Cap of <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> |
| title_sort | i fvbhlh1 i regulates the accumulation of phenolic compounds in the yellow cap of i flammulina velutipes i |
| topic | <i>Flammulina velutipes</i> ferulic acid transcriptome metabolome <i>FvbHLH1</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/9/11/1063 |
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