Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through partly altered central hemodynamics. We sought to examine if a low-calorie diet plus interval exercise (LCD+INT) intervention reduces TMAO more than a low-calorie diet (LCD) program alone in relation to hemodynamics, pri...
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Nutrients |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/6/1455 |
| _version_ | 1797609691703934976 |
|---|---|
| author | Daniel J. Battillo Steven K. Malin |
| author_facet | Daniel J. Battillo Steven K. Malin |
| author_sort | Daniel J. Battillo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through partly altered central hemodynamics. We sought to examine if a low-calorie diet plus interval exercise (LCD+INT) intervention reduces TMAO more than a low-calorie diet (LCD) program alone in relation to hemodynamics, prior to clinically meaningful weight loss. Women with obesity were randomized to 2 weeks of LCD (<i>n</i> = 12, ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (<i>n</i> = 11; 60 min/d, 3 min at 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively). A 180 min 75 g OGTT was performed to assess fasting TMAO and precursors (carnitine, choline, betaine, and trimethylamine (TMA)) as well as insulin sensitivity. Pulse wave analysis (applanation tonometry) including augmentation index (AIx75), pulse pressure amplification (PPA), forward (Pf) and backward pressure (Pb) waveforms, and reflection magnitude (RM) at 0, 60, 120, and 180 min was also analyzed. LCD and LCD+INT comparably reduced weight (<i>p</i> < 0.01), fasting glucose (<i>p</i> = 0.05), insulin tAUC<sub>180min</sub> (<i>p</i> < 0.01), choline (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and Pf (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Only LCD+INT increased VO<sub>2</sub>peak (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Despite no overall treatment effect, a high baseline TMAO was associated with decreased TMAO (r = −0.45, <i>p</i> = 0.03). Reduced TMAO was related to increased fasting PPA (r = −0.48, <i>p</i> = 0.03). Lowered TMA and carnitine correlated with higher fasting RM (r = −0.64 and r = −0.59, both <i>p</i> < 0.01) and reduced 120 min Pf (both, r = 0.68, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Overall, treatments did not lower TMAO. Yet, people with high TMAO pre-treatment reduced TMAO after LCD, with and without INT, in relation to aortic waveforms. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:04:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7fe6bce3deb4489c8853b82964f143fd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:04:15Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-7fe6bce3deb4489c8853b82964f143fd2023-11-17T13:06:00ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-03-01156145510.3390/nu15061455Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with ObesityDaniel J. Battillo0Steven K. Malin1Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USATrimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is linked to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through partly altered central hemodynamics. We sought to examine if a low-calorie diet plus interval exercise (LCD+INT) intervention reduces TMAO more than a low-calorie diet (LCD) program alone in relation to hemodynamics, prior to clinically meaningful weight loss. Women with obesity were randomized to 2 weeks of LCD (<i>n</i> = 12, ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (<i>n</i> = 11; 60 min/d, 3 min at 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively). A 180 min 75 g OGTT was performed to assess fasting TMAO and precursors (carnitine, choline, betaine, and trimethylamine (TMA)) as well as insulin sensitivity. Pulse wave analysis (applanation tonometry) including augmentation index (AIx75), pulse pressure amplification (PPA), forward (Pf) and backward pressure (Pb) waveforms, and reflection magnitude (RM) at 0, 60, 120, and 180 min was also analyzed. LCD and LCD+INT comparably reduced weight (<i>p</i> < 0.01), fasting glucose (<i>p</i> = 0.05), insulin tAUC<sub>180min</sub> (<i>p</i> < 0.01), choline (<i>p</i> < 0.01), and Pf (<i>p</i> = 0.04). Only LCD+INT increased VO<sub>2</sub>peak (<i>p</i> = 0.03). Despite no overall treatment effect, a high baseline TMAO was associated with decreased TMAO (r = −0.45, <i>p</i> = 0.03). Reduced TMAO was related to increased fasting PPA (r = −0.48, <i>p</i> = 0.03). Lowered TMA and carnitine correlated with higher fasting RM (r = −0.64 and r = −0.59, both <i>p</i> < 0.01) and reduced 120 min Pf (both, r = 0.68, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Overall, treatments did not lower TMAO. Yet, people with high TMAO pre-treatment reduced TMAO after LCD, with and without INT, in relation to aortic waveforms.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/6/1455trimethylamine N-oxidelow-calorie dietinterval exerciseobesityhemodynamicscardiovascular disease |
| spellingShingle | Daniel J. Battillo Steven K. Malin Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity Nutrients trimethylamine N-oxide low-calorie diet interval exercise obesity hemodynamics cardiovascular disease |
| title | Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity |
| title_full | Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity |
| title_fullStr | Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity |
| title_short | Impact of Caloric Restriction and Exercise on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Metabolism in Women with Obesity |
| title_sort | impact of caloric restriction and exercise on trimethylamine n oxide metabolism in women with obesity |
| topic | trimethylamine N-oxide low-calorie diet interval exercise obesity hemodynamics cardiovascular disease |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/6/1455 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT danieljbattillo impactofcaloricrestrictionandexerciseontrimethylaminenoxidemetabolisminwomenwithobesity AT stevenkmalin impactofcaloricrestrictionandexerciseontrimethylaminenoxidemetabolisminwomenwithobesity |