Prevalence of cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) among HIV-positive patients in Eswatini, 2014–2015
Background: Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of death amongst people living with HIV. However, routine cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening was not in the national guidelines in Eswatini. Objectives: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2014 and March 2015 to examine CrAg...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
AOSIS
2020-07-01
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| Series: | African Journal of Laboratory Medicine |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://ajlmonline.org/index.php/ajlm/article/view/933 |
| Summary: | Background: Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of death amongst people living with HIV. However, routine cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening was not in the national guidelines in Eswatini.
Objectives: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2014 and March 2015 to examine CrAg prevalence at Mbabane Government Hospital in Eswatini.
Methods: We collected urine and whole blood from antiretroviral-therapy-naïve patients with HIV and a cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) counts 200 cells/mm3 for plasma and urine CrAg lateral flow assay (LFA) screening at the national HIV reference laboratory. Two CD4 cut-off points were used to estimate CrAg prevalence: CD4 100 and 200 cells/mm3. Sensitivity and specificity of urine CrAg LFA was compared to plasma CrAg LFA.
Results: Plasma CrAg prevalence was 4% (8/182, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2–8) amongst patients with CD4 counts of 200 cells/mm3, and 8% (8/102, 95% CI: 3–15) amongst patients with CD4 counts of 100 cells/mm3. Urine CrAg LFA had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI: 59–100) and a specificity of 80% (95% CI: 72–86) compared with plasma CrAg LFA tests for patients with CD4 200 cells/mm3. Forty-three per cent of 99 patients with CD4 100 were at World Health Organization clinical stages I or II.
Conclusion: The prevalence of CrAg in Eswatini was higher than the current global estimate of 6% amongst HIV-positive people with CD4 100 cell/mm3, indicating the importance of initiating a national screening programme. Mechanisms for CrAg testing, training, reporting, and drug and commodity supply issues are important considerations before national implementation. |
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| ISSN: | 2225-2002 2225-2010 |