Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities
In most of the Indian cities, around half of the urban water requirement is fulfilled by groundwater. Recently, seasonal urban droughts have been frequently witnessed globally, which adds more stress to groundwater systems. Excessive pumping and increasing demands in several Indian cities impose a h...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3209 |
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| author | Aadhityaa Mohanavelu K. S. Kasiviswanathan S. Mohanasundaram Idhayachandhiran Ilampooranan Jianxun He Santosh M. Pingale B.-S. Soundharajan M. M. Diwan Mohaideen |
| author_facet | Aadhityaa Mohanavelu K. S. Kasiviswanathan S. Mohanasundaram Idhayachandhiran Ilampooranan Jianxun He Santosh M. Pingale B.-S. Soundharajan M. M. Diwan Mohaideen |
| author_sort | Aadhityaa Mohanavelu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In most of the Indian cities, around half of the urban water requirement is fulfilled by groundwater. Recently, seasonal urban droughts have been frequently witnessed globally, which adds more stress to groundwater systems. Excessive pumping and increasing demands in several Indian cities impose a high risk of running out of groundwater storage, which could potentially affect millions of lives in the future. In this paper, groundwater level changes have been comprehensively assessed for seven densely populated and rapidly growing secondary cities across India. Several statistical analyses were performed to detect the trends and non-stationarity in the groundwater level (GWL). Also, the influence of rainfall and land use/land cover changes (LULC) on the GWL was explored. The results suggest that overall, the groundwater level was found to vary between ±10 cm/year in the majority of the wells. Further, the non-stationarity analysis revealed a high impact of rainfall and LULC due to climate variability and anthropogenic activities respectively on the GWL change dynamics. Statistical correlation analysis showed evidence supporting that climate variability could potentially be a major component affecting the rainfall and groundwater recharge relationship. Additionally, from the LULC analysis, a decrease in the green cover area (R = 0.93) was found to have a higher correlation with decreasing groundwater level than that of urban area growth across seven rapidly developing cities. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:48:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-801c2c36681b4be492a3403212877fd8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:48:54Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-801c2c36681b4be492a3403212877fd82023-11-20T21:10:43ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412020-11-011211320910.3390/w12113209Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian CitiesAadhityaa Mohanavelu0K. S. Kasiviswanathan1S. Mohanasundaram2Idhayachandhiran Ilampooranan3Jianxun He4Santosh M. Pingale5B.-S. Soundharajan6M. M. Diwan Mohaideen7Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, IndiaDepartment of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, IndiaWater Engineering and Management, School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4 Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, ThailandDepartment of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, CanadaHydrological Investigations Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247667, IndiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore 641112, IndiaDepartment of Water Resources Development and Management, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, IndiaIn most of the Indian cities, around half of the urban water requirement is fulfilled by groundwater. Recently, seasonal urban droughts have been frequently witnessed globally, which adds more stress to groundwater systems. Excessive pumping and increasing demands in several Indian cities impose a high risk of running out of groundwater storage, which could potentially affect millions of lives in the future. In this paper, groundwater level changes have been comprehensively assessed for seven densely populated and rapidly growing secondary cities across India. Several statistical analyses were performed to detect the trends and non-stationarity in the groundwater level (GWL). Also, the influence of rainfall and land use/land cover changes (LULC) on the GWL was explored. The results suggest that overall, the groundwater level was found to vary between ±10 cm/year in the majority of the wells. Further, the non-stationarity analysis revealed a high impact of rainfall and LULC due to climate variability and anthropogenic activities respectively on the GWL change dynamics. Statistical correlation analysis showed evidence supporting that climate variability could potentially be a major component affecting the rainfall and groundwater recharge relationship. Additionally, from the LULC analysis, a decrease in the green cover area (R = 0.93) was found to have a higher correlation with decreasing groundwater level than that of urban area growth across seven rapidly developing cities.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3209groundwater leveltrendsnon-stationarityclimate variabilityland use/land cover changedeveloping cities |
| spellingShingle | Aadhityaa Mohanavelu K. S. Kasiviswanathan S. Mohanasundaram Idhayachandhiran Ilampooranan Jianxun He Santosh M. Pingale B.-S. Soundharajan M. M. Diwan Mohaideen Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities Water groundwater level trends non-stationarity climate variability land use/land cover change developing cities |
| title | Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities |
| title_full | Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities |
| title_fullStr | Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities |
| title_short | Trends and Non-Stationarity in Groundwater Level Changes in Rapidly Developing Indian Cities |
| title_sort | trends and non stationarity in groundwater level changes in rapidly developing indian cities |
| topic | groundwater level trends non-stationarity climate variability land use/land cover change developing cities |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/11/3209 |
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