Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel
Hydrogels are polymers of great importance due to their multiple applications, which have led to an exponential increase in their production. However, once they have fulfilled their function, they become waste and their ecotoxicological effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to evalua...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/6/476 |
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| author | Humberto D. Jiménez Eulogio Orozco Saira L. Hernández Ana C. Ramírez José M. Velázquez Gilberto Velazquez Amelia del C. Minjarez Adalberto Zamudio Milagros M. Flores Sandra F. Velasco |
| author_facet | Humberto D. Jiménez Eulogio Orozco Saira L. Hernández Ana C. Ramírez José M. Velázquez Gilberto Velazquez Amelia del C. Minjarez Adalberto Zamudio Milagros M. Flores Sandra F. Velasco |
| author_sort | Humberto D. Jiménez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hydrogels are polymers of great importance due to their multiple applications, which have led to an exponential increase in their production. However, once they have fulfilled their function, they become waste and their ecotoxicological effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and total antioxidant capacity of the earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) exposed to a terpolymeric hydrogel (acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid) crosslinked with modified kraft lignin. Four different amounts of hydrogel per unit area were evaluated (0.0924, 0.1848, 0.9242, and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm<sup>2</sup>) plus a control, and three replicates were performed for each group. Starting from the amount of 0.1848 mg hydrogel/cm<sup>2</sup>, the earthworms showed physiological and behavioral alterations; at higher amounts, 0.9242 and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm<sup>2</sup>, more acute signs were observed with mortality rates of 51.7% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity assay showed that the higher the hydrogel exposure amount, the higher the oxidative stress, as evidenced by lower antioxidant activity (67.09% inhibition of the ABTS<sup>●+</sup> radical). Therefore, we concluded that the lignin-modified hydrogel generated oxidative stress and acute lethal toxic effects in <i>Eisenia fetida</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:52:12Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:52:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-802aa216df2a4eafa4c4b687ecb8bafa2023-11-18T12:54:08ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-05-0111647610.3390/toxics11060476Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked HydrogelHumberto D. Jiménez0Eulogio Orozco1Saira L. Hernández2Ana C. Ramírez3José M. Velázquez4Gilberto Velazquez5Amelia del C. Minjarez6Adalberto Zamudio7Milagros M. Flores8Sandra F. Velasco9Chemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoChemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoChemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoChemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoChemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoChemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoInstitute of Educational Management for Health and Society, Pablo Quiroga 289, Constitución, Zapopan 45180, Jalisco, MexicoDepartment of Physics, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoMedical Science, University of Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, Las Víboras, Colima 28040, Colima, MexicoChemistry Department, School of Exact Sciences and Engineering, University of Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, MexicoHydrogels are polymers of great importance due to their multiple applications, which have led to an exponential increase in their production. However, once they have fulfilled their function, they become waste and their ecotoxicological effects are unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute toxicity and total antioxidant capacity of the earthworm (<i>Eisenia fetida</i>) exposed to a terpolymeric hydrogel (acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane-sulfonic acid) crosslinked with modified kraft lignin. Four different amounts of hydrogel per unit area were evaluated (0.0924, 0.1848, 0.9242, and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm<sup>2</sup>) plus a control, and three replicates were performed for each group. Starting from the amount of 0.1848 mg hydrogel/cm<sup>2</sup>, the earthworms showed physiological and behavioral alterations; at higher amounts, 0.9242 and 1.848 mg hydrogel/cm<sup>2</sup>, more acute signs were observed with mortality rates of 51.7% and 100%, respectively. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity assay showed that the higher the hydrogel exposure amount, the higher the oxidative stress, as evidenced by lower antioxidant activity (67.09% inhibition of the ABTS<sup>●+</sup> radical). Therefore, we concluded that the lignin-modified hydrogel generated oxidative stress and acute lethal toxic effects in <i>Eisenia fetida</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/6/476modified hydrogelacute toxicityearthwormantioxidant capacity |
| spellingShingle | Humberto D. Jiménez Eulogio Orozco Saira L. Hernández Ana C. Ramírez José M. Velázquez Gilberto Velazquez Amelia del C. Minjarez Adalberto Zamudio Milagros M. Flores Sandra F. Velasco Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel Toxics modified hydrogel acute toxicity earthworm antioxidant capacity |
| title | Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel |
| title_full | Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel |
| title_short | Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Antioxidant Response of Earthworm Exposed to a Lignin-Modified Crosslinked Hydrogel |
| title_sort | evaluation of acute toxicity and antioxidant response of earthworm exposed to a lignin modified crosslinked hydrogel |
| topic | modified hydrogel acute toxicity earthworm antioxidant capacity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/6/476 |
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