Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields
Aquaculture wastewaters have been used in rice irrigation directly or indirectly. Antibiotics in aquaculture wastewater entering the rice fields with irrigation will affect the soil physicochemical properties, microbial properties, and nitrogen conversion. A pot experiment irrigated with simulated a...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/12/3034 |
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| author | Lina Chen Haiming Wang Jiang Li Wenbo Wu Guomian Guo |
| author_facet | Lina Chen Haiming Wang Jiang Li Wenbo Wu Guomian Guo |
| author_sort | Lina Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aquaculture wastewaters have been used in rice irrigation directly or indirectly. Antibiotics in aquaculture wastewater entering the rice fields with irrigation will affect the soil physicochemical properties, microbial properties, and nitrogen conversion. A pot experiment irrigated with simulated aquaculture wastewater was performed to study the effects of sulfamethazine in aquaculture wastewater on nitrogen concentration and conversion-related microorganisms in rice fields with different irrigation modes. Sulfamethazine (500 ng/L, 1500 ng/L, and 3000 ng/L) decreased the NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration at the late tillering stage and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentration at the late tillering and jointing–booting stages (<i>p</i> < 0.05) but increased the NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration at the late tillering stage (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Sulfamethazine (3000 ng/L) promoted the lowest nitrogen conversion gene (<i>amoA</i>, <i>nirS</i>, and <i>nirK</i>) abundances and the most special community structure of nitrogen conversion microorganism under mild alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Furthermore, <i>Nitrosospira_sp._KAN8</i>, belonging to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), was sensitive to sulfamethazine. Flora with the same nitrogen conversion genes exhibited different variations under the same treatment. The results show that antibiotic and mild AWD caused more serious adverse effects to soil nitrogen conversion and nitrogen conversion microorganisms, which will increase the environmental risks of sulfamethazine. It can provide a basis for the scientific and rational use of aquaculture water to irrigate rice fields. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:26:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-802b3199df8f4e1485ac513510bac453 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:26:05Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-802b3199df8f4e1485ac513510bac4532023-11-24T12:45:19ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-11-011212303410.3390/agronomy12123034Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy FieldsLina Chen0Haiming Wang1Jiang Li2Wenbo Wu3Guomian Guo4College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaCollege of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, ChinaAquaculture wastewaters have been used in rice irrigation directly or indirectly. Antibiotics in aquaculture wastewater entering the rice fields with irrigation will affect the soil physicochemical properties, microbial properties, and nitrogen conversion. A pot experiment irrigated with simulated aquaculture wastewater was performed to study the effects of sulfamethazine in aquaculture wastewater on nitrogen concentration and conversion-related microorganisms in rice fields with different irrigation modes. Sulfamethazine (500 ng/L, 1500 ng/L, and 3000 ng/L) decreased the NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration at the late tillering stage and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentration at the late tillering and jointing–booting stages (<i>p</i> < 0.05) but increased the NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> concentration at the late tillering stage (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Sulfamethazine (3000 ng/L) promoted the lowest nitrogen conversion gene (<i>amoA</i>, <i>nirS</i>, and <i>nirK</i>) abundances and the most special community structure of nitrogen conversion microorganism under mild alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Furthermore, <i>Nitrosospira_sp._KAN8</i>, belonging to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), was sensitive to sulfamethazine. Flora with the same nitrogen conversion genes exhibited different variations under the same treatment. The results show that antibiotic and mild AWD caused more serious adverse effects to soil nitrogen conversion and nitrogen conversion microorganisms, which will increase the environmental risks of sulfamethazine. It can provide a basis for the scientific and rational use of aquaculture water to irrigate rice fields.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/12/3034alternate wetting and drying irrigationantibioticIllumina sequencingnitrogen conversion microorganismPCR |
| spellingShingle | Lina Chen Haiming Wang Jiang Li Wenbo Wu Guomian Guo Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields Agronomy alternate wetting and drying irrigation antibiotic Illumina sequencing nitrogen conversion microorganism PCR |
| title | Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields |
| title_full | Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields |
| title_fullStr | Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields |
| title_short | Effect of the Sulfamethazine on Nitrogen Conversion in Alternate Wet and Dry Paddy Fields |
| title_sort | effect of the sulfamethazine on nitrogen conversion in alternate wet and dry paddy fields |
| topic | alternate wetting and drying irrigation antibiotic Illumina sequencing nitrogen conversion microorganism PCR |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/12/3034 |
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