| Summary: | The issue of maintaining low-gradient combustion in the conditions of high heat extraction has been investigated numerically in this work. The analyses include the application of a convective boundary condition at the wall (with estimated boiling heat transfer coefficient); analysis of the Internal Recirculation Device’s impact on combustion products and heat transfer under low-gradient conditions; and comparison of both traditional and low-gradient combustion modes. It was shown that the Internal Recirculation Device material and geometry has a significant impact on the nitrogen oxide (NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi>x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>) formation mechanism, as NO<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula> emission becomes predominant and can rise up to several hundreds ppm. What is more, along with decrease in thermal resistance of the IRD, CO emissions also increase rapidly, even achieving over 2000 ppm. Additionally, the convective heat transfer rate decreased by about 25% after switching from traditional to low-gradient combustion, whereas the radiative mechanism increased by ≈40% compared to traditional mode. It should also be mentioned that the low-gradient combustion applied in this work achieved approximately 10% higher efficiency than conventional combustion.
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