Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability
Cyclic closed-die forging (CCDF) appears to be an easy to operate deformation process, which imposes high levels of strain, even on difficult-to-deform materials. However, despite said potential advantages, the CCDF at cryogenic temperatures has not yet been investigated. Copper samples with dimensi...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2019-01-01
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| Series: | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785417306877 |
| _version_ | 1819142885303386112 |
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| author | Danielle Cristina Camilo Magalhães Allana Lauren Pratti Andrea Madeira Kliauga José Benaque Rubert Maurizio Ferrante Vitor Luiz Sordi |
| author_facet | Danielle Cristina Camilo Magalhães Allana Lauren Pratti Andrea Madeira Kliauga José Benaque Rubert Maurizio Ferrante Vitor Luiz Sordi |
| author_sort | Danielle Cristina Camilo Magalhães |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cyclic closed-die forging (CCDF) appears to be an easy to operate deformation process, which imposes high levels of strain, even on difficult-to-deform materials. However, despite said potential advantages, the CCDF at cryogenic temperatures has not yet been investigated. Copper samples with dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm × 20 mm were processed in up to six passes with interpass rotation, enabling the samples to return approximately to their initial dimensions after each pass. The intensity and homogeneity of plastic deformation was evaluated by mapping the Vickers hardness over the entire surface of the sample, and the resulting maps were compared with the strain and stress distribution estimated by FEM numerical simulation. The deformed microstructures were examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Cryogenic CCDF has proved to be effective in suppressing the recovery mechanisms of Cu samples, resulting in finer and more heterogeneous strains distribution than those deformed at room temperature. However, long-term observations by TEM have shown that these microstructures are inherently unstable, so that hardness decreases 50% after two years. Keywords: Copper, Cyclic closed-die forging, Numerical simulation, Cryogenic deformation, Microstructural stability |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T12:17:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-80753b27f798450e866a84f3b1896997 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2238-7854 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T12:17:27Z |
| publishDate | 2019-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| spelling | doaj.art-80753b27f798450e866a84f3b18969972022-12-21T18:26:05ZengElsevierJournal of Materials Research and Technology2238-78542019-01-0181333343Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stabilityDanielle Cristina Camilo Magalhães0Allana Lauren Pratti1Andrea Madeira Kliauga2José Benaque Rubert3Maurizio Ferrante4Vitor Luiz Sordi5Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Corresponding author.Department of Physical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilDepartment of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilDepartment of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilDepartment of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilCyclic closed-die forging (CCDF) appears to be an easy to operate deformation process, which imposes high levels of strain, even on difficult-to-deform materials. However, despite said potential advantages, the CCDF at cryogenic temperatures has not yet been investigated. Copper samples with dimensions of 10 mm × 10 mm × 20 mm were processed in up to six passes with interpass rotation, enabling the samples to return approximately to their initial dimensions after each pass. The intensity and homogeneity of plastic deformation was evaluated by mapping the Vickers hardness over the entire surface of the sample, and the resulting maps were compared with the strain and stress distribution estimated by FEM numerical simulation. The deformed microstructures were examined by optical and transmission electron microscopy. Cryogenic CCDF has proved to be effective in suppressing the recovery mechanisms of Cu samples, resulting in finer and more heterogeneous strains distribution than those deformed at room temperature. However, long-term observations by TEM have shown that these microstructures are inherently unstable, so that hardness decreases 50% after two years. Keywords: Copper, Cyclic closed-die forging, Numerical simulation, Cryogenic deformation, Microstructural stabilityhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785417306877 |
| spellingShingle | Danielle Cristina Camilo Magalhães Allana Lauren Pratti Andrea Madeira Kliauga José Benaque Rubert Maurizio Ferrante Vitor Luiz Sordi Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability Journal of Materials Research and Technology |
| title | Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability |
| title_full | Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability |
| title_fullStr | Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability |
| title_short | Numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed-die forging of Cu: hardness distribution, strain maps and microstructural stability |
| title_sort | numerical simulation of cryogenic cyclic closed die forging of cu hardness distribution strain maps and microstructural stability |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2238785417306877 |
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