The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Comprehensive data on the relative contribution of bacteremia to malaria outcomes in a large number of participants are lacking. Therefore, we collated data on the co-existence of malaria and bacteremia in the literature to provide evidence-based information for future studies investigating the clin...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/243 |
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| author | Polrat Wilairatana Wanida Mala Frederick Ramirez Masangkay Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui Manas Kotepui |
| author_facet | Polrat Wilairatana Wanida Mala Frederick Ramirez Masangkay Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui Manas Kotepui |
| author_sort | Polrat Wilairatana |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Comprehensive data on the relative contribution of bacteremia to malaria outcomes in a large number of participants are lacking. Therefore, we collated data on the co-existence of malaria and bacteremia in the literature to provide evidence-based information for future studies investigating the clinical significance of this co-infection. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021287971). Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The pooled prevalence of (1) co-existent malaria and bacteremia among febrile patients, (2) the pooled prevalence of bacteremia among patients with malaria, (3) the probability of co-infection, and (4) the pooled prevalence of deaths were estimated by the random-effects model. Fifty-one studies involving 1583 cases of co-infection were included in the analyses. Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> spp. and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> were the most common Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. The prevalence of co-existent malaria and bacteremia among febrile patients was 1.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–2.2%, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 96.64%, 31 studies). The prevalence of bacteremia among patients with malaria was 7.6% (95% CI = 6.7–8.7%, and <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 96.68%, 43 studies). Co-infection by malaria and bacteremia did not occur by chance (<i>p</i> = 0.024, odds ratio = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43–0.94, and <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 95.7%, 29 studies). The pooled prevalence of deaths among patients with co-infection was 15.0% (95% CI = 8.0–23.0%, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 75.23%, 8 studies). On the basis of this study, we conclude that although the prevalence of co-infection was low, patients with malaria appear at greater risk of bacteremia and death. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:19:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-80901e61d0f4444d9b260b88b458456e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2414-6366 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:19:17Z |
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| series | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |
| spelling | doaj.art-80901e61d0f4444d9b260b88b458456e2023-11-23T19:18:19ZengMDPI AGTropical Medicine and Infectious Disease2414-63662022-09-017924310.3390/tropicalmed7090243The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPolrat Wilairatana0Wanida Mala1Frederick Ramirez Masangkay2Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui3Manas Kotepui4Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, ThailandMedical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, ThailandDepartment of Medical Technology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University–Manila, Manila 1008, PhilippinesMedical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, ThailandMedical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, ThailandComprehensive data on the relative contribution of bacteremia to malaria outcomes in a large number of participants are lacking. Therefore, we collated data on the co-existence of malaria and bacteremia in the literature to provide evidence-based information for future studies investigating the clinical significance of this co-infection. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42021287971). Relevant studies were identified from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The pooled prevalence of (1) co-existent malaria and bacteremia among febrile patients, (2) the pooled prevalence of bacteremia among patients with malaria, (3) the probability of co-infection, and (4) the pooled prevalence of deaths were estimated by the random-effects model. Fifty-one studies involving 1583 cases of co-infection were included in the analyses. Typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> spp. and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> were the most common Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. The prevalence of co-existent malaria and bacteremia among febrile patients was 1.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–2.2%, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 96.64%, 31 studies). The prevalence of bacteremia among patients with malaria was 7.6% (95% CI = 6.7–8.7%, and <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 96.68%, 43 studies). Co-infection by malaria and bacteremia did not occur by chance (<i>p</i> = 0.024, odds ratio = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43–0.94, and <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 95.7%, 29 studies). The pooled prevalence of deaths among patients with co-infection was 15.0% (95% CI = 8.0–23.0%, <i>I</i><sup>2</sup> = 75.23%, 8 studies). On the basis of this study, we conclude that although the prevalence of co-infection was low, patients with malaria appear at greater risk of bacteremia and death.https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/243malariabacteremiaco-infectionconcomitant infectionmeta-analysis |
| spellingShingle | Polrat Wilairatana Wanida Mala Frederick Ramirez Masangkay Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui Manas Kotepui The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease malaria bacteremia co-infection concomitant infection meta-analysis |
| title | The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full | The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_fullStr | The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_short | The Prevalence of Malaria and Bacteremia Co-Infections among Febrile Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |
| title_sort | prevalence of malaria and bacteremia co infections among febrile patients a systematic review and meta analysis |
| topic | malaria bacteremia co-infection concomitant infection meta-analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2414-6366/7/9/243 |
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