Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection
BackgroundCOVID-19 has caused more than 2.6 billion infections and several million deaths since its outbreak 2 years ago. We know very little about the long-term cellular immune responses and the kinetics of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 because it has emerged only recently in the hum...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.803031/full |
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| author | Li-na Yan Pan-pan Liu Xu-gui Li Shi-jing Zhou Hao Li Zhi-yin Wang Feng Shen Bi-chao Lu Yu Long Xiao Xiao Zhen-dong Wang Dan Li Hui-ju Han Hao Yu Shu-han Zhou Wen-liang Lv Xue-jie Yu |
| author_facet | Li-na Yan Pan-pan Liu Xu-gui Li Shi-jing Zhou Hao Li Zhi-yin Wang Feng Shen Bi-chao Lu Yu Long Xiao Xiao Zhen-dong Wang Dan Li Hui-ju Han Hao Yu Shu-han Zhou Wen-liang Lv Xue-jie Yu |
| author_sort | Li-na Yan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundCOVID-19 has caused more than 2.6 billion infections and several million deaths since its outbreak 2 years ago. We know very little about the long-term cellular immune responses and the kinetics of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 because it has emerged only recently in the human population.MethodsWe collected blood samples from individuals who were from the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan between December 30, 2019, and February 24, 2020. We analyzed NAbs to SARS-CoV-2 using pseudoviruses and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients’ sera and determined SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses of patients with ELISpot assays.ResultsWe found that 91.9% (57/62) and 88.9% (40/45) of COVID-19 patients had NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in a year (10–11 months) and one and a half years (17–18 months), respectively, after the onset of illness, indicating that NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 waned slowly and possibly persisted over a long period time. Over 80% of patients had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein one and a half years after illness onset. Most patients also had robust memory T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 one and a half years after the illness. Among the patients, 95.6% (43/45) had an IFN-γ-secreting T-cell response and 93.8% (15/16) had an IL-2-secreting T-cell response. The T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were positively correlated with antibodies (including neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies to S and N protein) in COVID-19 patients. Eighty percent (4/5) of neutralizing antibody-negative patients also had SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response. After long-term infection, protective immunity was independent of disease severity, sex, and age.ConclusionsWe concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited a robust and persistent neutralizing antibody and memory T-cell response in COVID-19 patients, indicating that these sustained immune responses, among most SARS-CoV-2-infected people, may play a crucial role in protection against reinfection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-24T18:59:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-80c2843ad09446c7a214de46e2df1af5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-24T18:59:48Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-80c2843ad09446c7a214de46e2df1af52022-12-21T16:43:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2022-03-011210.3389/fmicb.2021.803031803031Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural InfectionLi-na Yan0Pan-pan Liu1Xu-gui Li2Shi-jing Zhou3Hao Li4Zhi-yin Wang5Feng Shen6Bi-chao Lu7Yu Long8Xiao Xiao9Zhen-dong Wang10Dan Li11Hui-ju Han12Hao Yu13Shu-han Zhou14Wen-liang Lv15Xue-jie Yu16State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaThe Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei 672 Orthopaedics Hospital, Wuhan, ChinaThe Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei 672 Orthopaedics Hospital, Wuhan, ChinaThe First School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, ChinaDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine Huangjiahu Hospital, Wuhan, ChinaCollege of Acupuncture and Orthopedics, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, ChinaClinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, ChinaClinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaSchool of Public Health, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaDepartment of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United StatesClinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, ChinaClinical College, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaBackgroundCOVID-19 has caused more than 2.6 billion infections and several million deaths since its outbreak 2 years ago. We know very little about the long-term cellular immune responses and the kinetics of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 because it has emerged only recently in the human population.MethodsWe collected blood samples from individuals who were from the first wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan between December 30, 2019, and February 24, 2020. We analyzed NAbs to SARS-CoV-2 using pseudoviruses and IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in patients’ sera and determined SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses of patients with ELISpot assays.ResultsWe found that 91.9% (57/62) and 88.9% (40/45) of COVID-19 patients had NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 in a year (10–11 months) and one and a half years (17–18 months), respectively, after the onset of illness, indicating that NAbs against SARS-CoV-2 waned slowly and possibly persisted over a long period time. Over 80% of patients had IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 S and N protein one and a half years after illness onset. Most patients also had robust memory T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 one and a half years after the illness. Among the patients, 95.6% (43/45) had an IFN-γ-secreting T-cell response and 93.8% (15/16) had an IL-2-secreting T-cell response. The T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were positively correlated with antibodies (including neutralizing antibodies and IgG antibodies to S and N protein) in COVID-19 patients. Eighty percent (4/5) of neutralizing antibody-negative patients also had SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell response. After long-term infection, protective immunity was independent of disease severity, sex, and age.ConclusionsWe concluded that SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited a robust and persistent neutralizing antibody and memory T-cell response in COVID-19 patients, indicating that these sustained immune responses, among most SARS-CoV-2-infected people, may play a crucial role in protection against reinfection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.803031/fullneutralizing antibodyT-cell responseantigen-specificSARS-CoV-2COVID-19 |
| spellingShingle | Li-na Yan Pan-pan Liu Xu-gui Li Shi-jing Zhou Hao Li Zhi-yin Wang Feng Shen Bi-chao Lu Yu Long Xiao Xiao Zhen-dong Wang Dan Li Hui-ju Han Hao Yu Shu-han Zhou Wen-liang Lv Xue-jie Yu Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection Frontiers in Microbiology neutralizing antibody T-cell response antigen-specific SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 |
| title | Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection |
| title_full | Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection |
| title_fullStr | Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection |
| title_short | Neutralizing Antibodies and Cellular Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Sustained One and a Half Years After Natural Infection |
| title_sort | neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses against sars cov 2 sustained one and a half years after natural infection |
| topic | neutralizing antibody T-cell response antigen-specific SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2021.803031/full |
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