TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food
<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> is a major bacterial pathogen which causes clinical infections and food poisoning. This bacterium produces a group of twenty-one enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroent...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2012-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/5/5978 |
| _version_ | 1818007876990402560 |
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| author | Reuven Rasooly Bradley Hernlem |
| author_facet | Reuven Rasooly Bradley Hernlem |
| author_sort | Reuven Rasooly |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> is a major bacterial pathogen which causes clinical infections and food poisoning. This bacterium produces a group of twenty-one enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroenteritis and function as superantigens that activate large numbers of T cells. The current method for detection of enterotoxins activity is an <em>i</em><em>n vivo</em> monkey or kitten bioassay; however, this method is not practical to test on a large number of samples. Several immunological assays have been developed however, but these assays cannot distinguish between active toxin which causes food poisoning and inactive toxin, which can bind antibody, but shows no toxicity. The current study demonstrates that short term <em>ex vivo</em> exposure of primary naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells or splenocytes to SEA induces differential expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) protein. We used immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-SEA antibody to specifically isolate SEA from food. After the eluted toxin was added to the cells SEA biological activity was measured by quantifying TNF protein expression or secretion. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-14T05:21:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-80caa1ee20a84166a86b4b3a7ab24ab3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-14T05:21:40Z |
| publishDate | 2012-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-80caa1ee20a84166a86b4b3a7ab24ab32022-12-22T02:10:09ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202012-05-011255978598510.3390/s120505978TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in FoodReuven RasoolyBradley Hernlem<em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> is a major bacterial pathogen which causes clinical infections and food poisoning. This bacterium produces a group of twenty-one enterotoxins (SEs). These enterotoxins have two separate but related biological activities. They cause gastroenteritis and function as superantigens that activate large numbers of T cells. The current method for detection of enterotoxins activity is an <em>i</em><em>n vivo</em> monkey or kitten bioassay; however, this method is not practical to test on a large number of samples. Several immunological assays have been developed however, but these assays cannot distinguish between active toxin which causes food poisoning and inactive toxin, which can bind antibody, but shows no toxicity. The current study demonstrates that short term <em>ex vivo</em> exposure of primary naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cells or splenocytes to SEA induces differential expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) protein. We used immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-SEA antibody to specifically isolate SEA from food. After the eluted toxin was added to the cells SEA biological activity was measured by quantifying TNF protein expression or secretion.http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/5/5978enterotoxinfood poisoningTNFimmunomagnetic beads |
| spellingShingle | Reuven Rasooly Bradley Hernlem TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food Sensors enterotoxin food poisoning TNF immunomagnetic beads |
| title | TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food |
| title_full | TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food |
| title_fullStr | TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food |
| title_full_unstemmed | TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food |
| title_short | TNF as Biomarker for Rapid Quantification of Active <em>Staphylococcus</em> Enterotoxin A in Food |
| title_sort | tnf as biomarker for rapid quantification of active lt em gt staphylococcus lt em gt enterotoxin a in food |
| topic | enterotoxin food poisoning TNF immunomagnetic beads |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/5/5978 |
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