Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i>
Eutrophication of inland waters is expected to increase the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Toxin-production associated with HABs has negative effects on human health and aquatic ecosystem functioning. Despite evidence that flagellates can ingest toxin-producing cyanobacteria,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-04-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/4/223 |
| _version_ | 1828282547373604864 |
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| author | Sarah DeVaul Princiotta Susan P. Hendricks David S. White |
| author_facet | Sarah DeVaul Princiotta Susan P. Hendricks David S. White |
| author_sort | Sarah DeVaul Princiotta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Eutrophication of inland waters is expected to increase the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Toxin-production associated with HABs has negative effects on human health and aquatic ecosystem functioning. Despite evidence that flagellates can ingest toxin-producing cyanobacteria, interactions between members of the microbial loop are underestimated in our understanding of the food web and algal bloom dynamics. Physical and allelopathic interactions between a mixotrophic flagellate (<i>Cryptomonas</i> sp.) and two strains of a cyanobacteria (<i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>) were investigated in a full-factorial experiment in culture. The maximum population growth rate of the mixotroph (0.25 day<sup>−1</sup>) occurred during incubation with filtrate from toxic <i>M. aeruginosa</i>. <i>Cryptomonas</i> was able to ingest toxic and non-toxic <i>M. aeruginosa</i> at maximal rates of 0.5 and 0.3 cells day<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The results establish that although <i>Cryptomonas</i> does not derive benefits from co-incubation with <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, it may obtain nutritional supplement from filtrate. We also provide evidence of a reduction in cyanotoxin concentration (microcystin-LR) when toxic <i>M. aeruginosa</i> is incubated with the mixotroph. Our work has implications for “trophic upgrading„ within the microbial food web, where cyanobacterivory by nanoflagellates may improve food quality for higher trophic levels and detoxify secondary compounds. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:32:24Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-80d5534e2cc74df2a4ab805482afbf90 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-13T08:32:24Z |
| publishDate | 2019-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-80d5534e2cc74df2a4ab805482afbf902022-12-22T02:54:13ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-04-0111422310.3390/toxins11040223toxins11040223Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i>Sarah DeVaul Princiotta0Susan P. Hendricks1David S. White2Hancock Biological Station and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USAHancock Biological Station and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USAHancock Biological Station and Department of Biological Sciences, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USAEutrophication of inland waters is expected to increase the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Toxin-production associated with HABs has negative effects on human health and aquatic ecosystem functioning. Despite evidence that flagellates can ingest toxin-producing cyanobacteria, interactions between members of the microbial loop are underestimated in our understanding of the food web and algal bloom dynamics. Physical and allelopathic interactions between a mixotrophic flagellate (<i>Cryptomonas</i> sp.) and two strains of a cyanobacteria (<i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>) were investigated in a full-factorial experiment in culture. The maximum population growth rate of the mixotroph (0.25 day<sup>−1</sup>) occurred during incubation with filtrate from toxic <i>M. aeruginosa</i>. <i>Cryptomonas</i> was able to ingest toxic and non-toxic <i>M. aeruginosa</i> at maximal rates of 0.5 and 0.3 cells day<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The results establish that although <i>Cryptomonas</i> does not derive benefits from co-incubation with <i>M. aeruginosa</i>, it may obtain nutritional supplement from filtrate. We also provide evidence of a reduction in cyanotoxin concentration (microcystin-LR) when toxic <i>M. aeruginosa</i> is incubated with the mixotroph. Our work has implications for “trophic upgrading„ within the microbial food web, where cyanobacterivory by nanoflagellates may improve food quality for higher trophic levels and detoxify secondary compounds.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/4/223microcystinmixotrophyphytoplanktoncyanobacterial blooms<i>Microcystis</i>trophic interactions |
| spellingShingle | Sarah DeVaul Princiotta Susan P. Hendricks David S. White Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i> Toxins microcystin mixotrophy phytoplankton cyanobacterial blooms <i>Microcystis</i> trophic interactions |
| title | Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i> |
| title_full | Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i> |
| title_fullStr | Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i> |
| title_full_unstemmed | Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i> |
| title_short | Production of Cyanotoxins by <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> Mediates Interactions with the Mixotrophic Flagellate <i>Cryptomonas</i> |
| title_sort | production of cyanotoxins by i microcystis aeruginosa i mediates interactions with the mixotrophic flagellate i cryptomonas i |
| topic | microcystin mixotrophy phytoplankton cyanobacterial blooms <i>Microcystis</i> trophic interactions |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/4/223 |
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