The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-10-01
|
| Series: | Cells |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/10/1280 |
| _version_ | 1797713289053995008 |
|---|---|
| author | Alessandro Maglione Simona Rolla Stefania Federica De Mercanti Santina Cutrupi Marinella Clerico |
| author_facet | Alessandro Maglione Simona Rolla Stefania Federica De Mercanti Santina Cutrupi Marinella Clerico |
| author_sort | Alessandro Maglione |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates before pregnancy. These effects could be related to the anti-inflammatory properties of estrogens, which orchestrate the reshuffling of the immune system toward immunotolerance to allow for fetal growth. The action of these hormones is mediated by the transcriptional regulation activity of estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen levels and ER expression define a specific balance of immune cell types. In this review, we explore the role of estradiol (E2) and ERs in the adaptive immune system, with a focus on estrogen-mediated cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms related to immune tolerance and neuroprotection in MS. The epigenome dynamics of immune systems are described as key molecular mechanisms that act on the regulation of immune cell identity. This is a completely unexplored field, suggesting a future path for more extensive research on estrogen-induced coregulatory complexes and molecular circuitry as targets for therapeutics in MS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:34:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-80faf1f63ddd440d880bb51d4836da12 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T07:34:14Z |
| publishDate | 2019-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-80faf1f63ddd440d880bb51d4836da122023-09-02T21:35:06ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092019-10-01810128010.3390/cells8101280cells8101280The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of ViewAlessandro Maglione0Simona Rolla1Stefania Federica De Mercanti2Santina Cutrupi3Marinella Clerico4Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, ItalyDepartment of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, ItalyMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system inflammatory disease that leads to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The third trimester of pregnancy, which is characterized by high levels of estrogens, has been shown to be associated with reduced relapse rates compared with the rates before pregnancy. These effects could be related to the anti-inflammatory properties of estrogens, which orchestrate the reshuffling of the immune system toward immunotolerance to allow for fetal growth. The action of these hormones is mediated by the transcriptional regulation activity of estrogen receptors (ERs). Estrogen levels and ER expression define a specific balance of immune cell types. In this review, we explore the role of estradiol (E2) and ERs in the adaptive immune system, with a focus on estrogen-mediated cellular, molecular, and epigenetic mechanisms related to immune tolerance and neuroprotection in MS. The epigenome dynamics of immune systems are described as key molecular mechanisms that act on the regulation of immune cell identity. This is a completely unexplored field, suggesting a future path for more extensive research on estrogen-induced coregulatory complexes and molecular circuitry as targets for therapeutics in MS.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/10/1280multiple sclerosisadaptive immune systemepigenomepregnancyestrogensestrogen receptors |
| spellingShingle | Alessandro Maglione Simona Rolla Stefania Federica De Mercanti Santina Cutrupi Marinella Clerico The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View Cells multiple sclerosis adaptive immune system epigenome pregnancy estrogens estrogen receptors |
| title | The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View |
| title_full | The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View |
| title_fullStr | The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View |
| title_short | The Adaptive Immune System in Multiple Sclerosis: An Estrogen-Mediated Point of View |
| title_sort | adaptive immune system in multiple sclerosis an estrogen mediated point of view |
| topic | multiple sclerosis adaptive immune system epigenome pregnancy estrogens estrogen receptors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/10/1280 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alessandromaglione theadaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT simonarolla theadaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT stefaniafedericademercanti theadaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT santinacutrupi theadaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT marinellaclerico theadaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT alessandromaglione adaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT simonarolla adaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT stefaniafedericademercanti adaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT santinacutrupi adaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview AT marinellaclerico adaptiveimmunesysteminmultiplesclerosisanestrogenmediatedpointofview |