Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review.
The long term survival of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine an...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2016-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01692/full |
| _version_ | 1818540850451316736 |
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| author | Francis Hassard Ceri L Gwyther Kata Farkas Anthony Andrews Vera Jones Brian Cox Howard Brett Davey L Jones James E McDonald Shelagh K Malham |
| author_facet | Francis Hassard Ceri L Gwyther Kata Farkas Anthony Andrews Vera Jones Brian Cox Howard Brett Davey L Jones James E McDonald Shelagh K Malham |
| author_sort | Francis Hassard |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The long term survival of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbour significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g. human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g. norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T22:00:48Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-810c5aece22b4ed9abb82c58f8b88125 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T22:00:48Z |
| publishDate | 2016-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-810c5aece22b4ed9abb82c58f8b881252022-12-22T00:49:06ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2016-11-01710.3389/fmicb.2016.01692225212Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review.Francis Hassard0Ceri L Gwyther1Kata Farkas2Anthony Andrews3Vera Jones4Brian Cox5Howard Brett6Davey L Jones7James E McDonald8Shelagh K Malham9Bangor UniversityThe Open UniversityBangor UniversityUK Water Industry Research LimitedAtkins LimitedAtkins Limited Thames Water UtilitiesBangor UniversityBangor UniversityBangor UniversityThe long term survival of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbour significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g. human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g. norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments.http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01692/fullSurvivalBiofilmsedimentresuspensionFaecal indicator organismsViable but non-culturable bacteria |
| spellingShingle | Francis Hassard Ceri L Gwyther Kata Farkas Anthony Andrews Vera Jones Brian Cox Howard Brett Davey L Jones James E McDonald Shelagh K Malham Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review. Frontiers in Microbiology Survival Biofilm sediment resuspension Faecal indicator organisms Viable but non-culturable bacteria |
| title | Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review. |
| title_full | Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review. |
| title_fullStr | Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review. |
| title_short | Abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments – a review. |
| title_sort | abundance and distribution of enteric bacteria and viruses in coastal and estuarine sediments a review |
| topic | Survival Biofilm sediment resuspension Faecal indicator organisms Viable but non-culturable bacteria |
| url | http://journal.frontiersin.org/Journal/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01692/full |
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