The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing
Microorganisms, usually bacteria and fungi, grow and spread in skin wounds, causing infections. These infections trigger the immune system and cause inflammation and tissue damage within the skin or wound, slowing down the healing process. The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to eradicate microorga...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4121 |
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| author | Mariana C. S. Vallejo Nuno M. M. Moura Ana T. P. C. Gomes Ana S. M. Joaquinito Maria Amparo F. Faustino Adelaide Almeida Idalina Gonçalves Vanda Vaz Serra Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves |
| author_facet | Mariana C. S. Vallejo Nuno M. M. Moura Ana T. P. C. Gomes Ana S. M. Joaquinito Maria Amparo F. Faustino Adelaide Almeida Idalina Gonçalves Vanda Vaz Serra Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves |
| author_sort | Mariana C. S. Vallejo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Microorganisms, usually bacteria and fungi, grow and spread in skin wounds, causing infections. These infections trigger the immune system and cause inflammation and tissue damage within the skin or wound, slowing down the healing process. The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to eradicate microorganisms has been regarded as a promising alternative to anti-infective therapies, such as those based on antibiotics, and more recently, is being considered for skin wound-healing, namely for infected wounds. Among the several molecules exploited as photosensitizers (PS), porphyrinoids exhibit suitable features for achieving those goals efficiently. The capability that these macrocycles display to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) gives a significant contribution to the regenerative process. ROS are responsible for avoiding the development of infections by inactivating microorganisms such as bacteria but also by promoting cell proliferation through the activation of stem cells which regulates inflammatory factors and collagen remodeling. The PS can act solo or combined with several materials, such as polymers, hydrogels, nanotubes, or metal-organic frameworks (MOF), keeping both the microbial photoinactivation and healing/regenerative processes’ effectiveness. This review highlights the developments on the combination of PDT approach and skin wound healing using natural and synthetic porphyrinoids, such as porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines, as PS, as well as the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), the natural precursor of protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:16:32Z |
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| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:16:32Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-8110a5e5118d4fb2a164b983e5f531342023-11-21T15:50:20ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-04-01228412110.3390/ijms22084121The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound HealingMariana C. S. Vallejo0Nuno M. M. Moura1Ana T. P. C. Gomes2Ana S. M. Joaquinito3Maria Amparo F. Faustino4Adelaide Almeida5Idalina Gonçalves6Vanda Vaz Serra7Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves8LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCESAM, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCICECO, Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalCentro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalLAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, PortugalMicroorganisms, usually bacteria and fungi, grow and spread in skin wounds, causing infections. These infections trigger the immune system and cause inflammation and tissue damage within the skin or wound, slowing down the healing process. The use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) to eradicate microorganisms has been regarded as a promising alternative to anti-infective therapies, such as those based on antibiotics, and more recently, is being considered for skin wound-healing, namely for infected wounds. Among the several molecules exploited as photosensitizers (PS), porphyrinoids exhibit suitable features for achieving those goals efficiently. The capability that these macrocycles display to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) gives a significant contribution to the regenerative process. ROS are responsible for avoiding the development of infections by inactivating microorganisms such as bacteria but also by promoting cell proliferation through the activation of stem cells which regulates inflammatory factors and collagen remodeling. The PS can act solo or combined with several materials, such as polymers, hydrogels, nanotubes, or metal-organic frameworks (MOF), keeping both the microbial photoinactivation and healing/regenerative processes’ effectiveness. This review highlights the developments on the combination of PDT approach and skin wound healing using natural and synthetic porphyrinoids, such as porphyrins, chlorins and phthalocyanines, as PS, as well as the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), the natural precursor of protoporphyrin-IX (PP-IX).https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4121wound healingphotosensitizerALAprotoporphyrin-IXporphyrinschlorins |
| spellingShingle | Mariana C. S. Vallejo Nuno M. M. Moura Ana T. P. C. Gomes Ana S. M. Joaquinito Maria Amparo F. Faustino Adelaide Almeida Idalina Gonçalves Vanda Vaz Serra Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing International Journal of Molecular Sciences wound healing photosensitizer ALA protoporphyrin-IX porphyrins chlorins |
| title | The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing |
| title_full | The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing |
| title_fullStr | The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing |
| title_short | The Role of Porphyrinoid Photosensitizers for Skin Wound Healing |
| title_sort | role of porphyrinoid photosensitizers for skin wound healing |
| topic | wound healing photosensitizer ALA protoporphyrin-IX porphyrins chlorins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/8/4121 |
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