Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study
The present work demonstrates a one-step preparation of Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based magnetic acid catalysts, using an in-situ impregnation process for the esterification of oleic acid. Commercial MCC and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) derived MCC was used to synthesize the magnetic acid...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Energy Conversion and Management: X |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174521000842 |
| _version_ | 1798016340603174912 |
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| author | Shamala Gowri Krishnan Fei-ling Pua Fan Zhang |
| author_facet | Shamala Gowri Krishnan Fei-ling Pua Fan Zhang |
| author_sort | Shamala Gowri Krishnan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The present work demonstrates a one-step preparation of Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based magnetic acid catalysts, using an in-situ impregnation process for the esterification of oleic acid. Commercial MCC and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) derived MCC was used to synthesize the magnetic acid catalysts. The variation of synthesis conditions such as MCC loading, catalyst synthesis time, calcination temperature and time contributed to the development of commercial MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (C-MCC/γ-Fe2O3), and EFB MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (EFB-MCC/γ-Fe2O3). The EFB-MCC/γ-Fe2O3 had a high acidity of 2.4 mmol/g under the optimized conditions: 5 g EFB-MCC loadings, 3 h catalyst synthesis time and calcination at 500°C for 3 h. The catalyst showed good ferromagnetic properties contributed by maghemite, γ-Fe2O3, in the catalyst. The catalyst also exhibited a mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 290.55 m2/g, pore volume of 0.249 cm3/g, and pore size of 3.5 nm. This could signify the catalytic efficiency of EFB-MCC/γ-Fe2O3 catalyst via esterification of oleic acid. The influence of the esterification reaction parameters on the oleic acid conversion was investigated using the Box-Behnken optimization design. The highest esterification rate of 92.1% was obtained at the optimum reaction conditions of 9 wt% catalyst loadings, 12:1 methanol-oleic acid molar ratio and reaction time of 120 min at the fixed reaction temperature 60°C. The EFB derived MCC magnetic acid catalyst displayed a good catalytic performance and rapid separation with reusability up to 5 times. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T15:49:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-811382793a6446599602b5eb97b26c6a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2590-1745 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T15:49:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energy Conversion and Management: X |
| spelling | doaj.art-811382793a6446599602b5eb97b26c6a2022-12-22T04:15:26ZengElsevierEnergy Conversion and Management: X2590-17452022-01-0113100159Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization studyShamala Gowri Krishnan0Fei-ling Pua1Fan Zhang2College of Graduate Studies, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, MalaysiaInstitute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia; Corresponding author at: Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia.Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomass Group, Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, 88 Xuefulu, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650223, ChinaThe present work demonstrates a one-step preparation of Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based magnetic acid catalysts, using an in-situ impregnation process for the esterification of oleic acid. Commercial MCC and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) derived MCC was used to synthesize the magnetic acid catalysts. The variation of synthesis conditions such as MCC loading, catalyst synthesis time, calcination temperature and time contributed to the development of commercial MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (C-MCC/γ-Fe2O3), and EFB MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (EFB-MCC/γ-Fe2O3). The EFB-MCC/γ-Fe2O3 had a high acidity of 2.4 mmol/g under the optimized conditions: 5 g EFB-MCC loadings, 3 h catalyst synthesis time and calcination at 500°C for 3 h. The catalyst showed good ferromagnetic properties contributed by maghemite, γ-Fe2O3, in the catalyst. The catalyst also exhibited a mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 290.55 m2/g, pore volume of 0.249 cm3/g, and pore size of 3.5 nm. This could signify the catalytic efficiency of EFB-MCC/γ-Fe2O3 catalyst via esterification of oleic acid. The influence of the esterification reaction parameters on the oleic acid conversion was investigated using the Box-Behnken optimization design. The highest esterification rate of 92.1% was obtained at the optimum reaction conditions of 9 wt% catalyst loadings, 12:1 methanol-oleic acid molar ratio and reaction time of 120 min at the fixed reaction temperature 60°C. The EFB derived MCC magnetic acid catalyst displayed a good catalytic performance and rapid separation with reusability up to 5 times.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174521000842Oil palm empty fruit bunchBiomassMicrocrystalline CelluloseMagnetic acid catalystEsterificationOptimization |
| spellingShingle | Shamala Gowri Krishnan Fei-ling Pua Fan Zhang Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study Energy Conversion and Management: X Oil palm empty fruit bunch Biomass Microcrystalline Cellulose Magnetic acid catalyst Esterification Optimization |
| title | Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study |
| title_full | Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study |
| title_fullStr | Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study |
| title_short | Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study |
| title_sort | oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction an optimization study |
| topic | Oil palm empty fruit bunch Biomass Microcrystalline Cellulose Magnetic acid catalyst Esterification Optimization |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590174521000842 |
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