Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success?
Despite extraordinary advances in fields of immunology and infectious diseases, vaccine development remains a challenge. The development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, for example, has spanned more than 50 years of research with studies of more than 100 vaccine candidates. Dozens of attra...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-02-01
|
| Series: | Vaccines |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/1/26 |
| _version_ | 1798006321084104704 |
|---|---|
| author | Robert E. Sealy Bart G. Jones Sherri L. Surman Rhiannon R. Penkert Stephane Pelletier Geoff Neale Julia L. Hurwitz |
| author_facet | Robert E. Sealy Bart G. Jones Sherri L. Surman Rhiannon R. Penkert Stephane Pelletier Geoff Neale Julia L. Hurwitz |
| author_sort | Robert E. Sealy |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Despite extraordinary advances in fields of immunology and infectious diseases, vaccine development remains a challenge. The development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, for example, has spanned more than 50 years of research with studies of more than 100 vaccine candidates. Dozens of attractive vaccine products have entered clinical trials, but none have completed the path to licensing. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development has proven equally difficult, as there is no licensed product after more than 30 years of pre-clinical and clinical research. Here, we examine vaccine development with attention to the host. We discuss how nuclear hormones, including vitamins and sex hormones, can influence responses to vaccines. We show how nuclear hormones interact with regulatory elements of immunoglobulin gene loci and how the deletion of estrogen response elements from gene enhancers will alter patterns of antibody isotype expression. Based on these findings, and findings that nuclear hormone levels are often insufficient or deficient among individuals in both developed and developing countries, we suggest that failed vaccine studies may in some cases reflect weaknesses of the host rather than the product. We encourage analyses of nuclear hormone levels and immunocompetence among study participants in clinical trials to ensure the success of future vaccine programs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:54:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-811776c87294438fbc9633779108f11a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:54:07Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-811776c87294438fbc9633779108f11a2022-12-22T04:23:08ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2019-02-01712610.3390/vaccines7010026vaccines7010026Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success?Robert E. Sealy0Bart G. Jones1Sherri L. Surman2Rhiannon R. Penkert3Stephane Pelletier4Geoff Neale5Julia L. Hurwitz6Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USADepartment of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USADepartment of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USADepartment of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USADepartment of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USAThe Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USADepartment of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USADespite extraordinary advances in fields of immunology and infectious diseases, vaccine development remains a challenge. The development of a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, for example, has spanned more than 50 years of research with studies of more than 100 vaccine candidates. Dozens of attractive vaccine products have entered clinical trials, but none have completed the path to licensing. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development has proven equally difficult, as there is no licensed product after more than 30 years of pre-clinical and clinical research. Here, we examine vaccine development with attention to the host. We discuss how nuclear hormones, including vitamins and sex hormones, can influence responses to vaccines. We show how nuclear hormones interact with regulatory elements of immunoglobulin gene loci and how the deletion of estrogen response elements from gene enhancers will alter patterns of antibody isotype expression. Based on these findings, and findings that nuclear hormone levels are often insufficient or deficient among individuals in both developed and developing countries, we suggest that failed vaccine studies may in some cases reflect weaknesses of the host rather than the product. We encourage analyses of nuclear hormone levels and immunocompetence among study participants in clinical trials to ensure the success of future vaccine programs.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/1/26estrogenvitamin Avitamin Dnuclear hormonenuclear hormone receptorsresponse elementsimmunoglobulin heavy chain locusantibody isotypes |
| spellingShingle | Robert E. Sealy Bart G. Jones Sherri L. Surman Rhiannon R. Penkert Stephane Pelletier Geoff Neale Julia L. Hurwitz Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? Vaccines estrogen vitamin A vitamin D nuclear hormone nuclear hormone receptors response elements immunoglobulin heavy chain locus antibody isotypes |
| title | Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? |
| title_full | Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? |
| title_fullStr | Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? |
| title_full_unstemmed | Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? |
| title_short | Will Attention by Vaccine Developers to the Host’s Nuclear Hormone Levels and Immunocompetence Improve Vaccine Success? |
| title_sort | will attention by vaccine developers to the host s nuclear hormone levels and immunocompetence improve vaccine success |
| topic | estrogen vitamin A vitamin D nuclear hormone nuclear hormone receptors response elements immunoglobulin heavy chain locus antibody isotypes |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/7/1/26 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT robertesealy willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess AT bartgjones willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess AT sherrilsurman willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess AT rhiannonrpenkert willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess AT stephanepelletier willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess AT geoffneale willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess AT julialhurwitz willattentionbyvaccinedeveloperstothehostsnuclearhormonelevelsandimmunocompetenceimprovevaccinesuccess |