Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark
Precision irrigation is a promising method to mitigate the impacts of drought stress on crop production with the optimal use of water resources. However, the reliable assessment of plant water status has not been adequately demonstrated, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) offer great potential for sp...
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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author | Vita Antoniuk Kiril Manevski Kirsten Kørup Rene Larsen Inge Sandholt Xiying Zhang Mathias Neumann Andersen |
author_facet | Vita Antoniuk Kiril Manevski Kirsten Kørup Rene Larsen Inge Sandholt Xiying Zhang Mathias Neumann Andersen |
author_sort | Vita Antoniuk |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Precision irrigation is a promising method to mitigate the impacts of drought stress on crop production with the optimal use of water resources. However, the reliable assessment of plant water status has not been adequately demonstrated, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) offer great potential for spatiotemporal improvements. This study utilized UAS equipped with multispectral and thermal sensors to detect and quantify drought stress in winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) using the Water Deficit Index (<i>WDI</i>). Biennial field experiments were conducted on coarse sand soil in Denmark and analyses were performed at both diurnal and seasonal timescales. The <i>WDI</i> was significantly correlated with leaf stomatal conductance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.61–0.73), and the correlation was weaker with leaf water potential (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.39–0.56) and topsoil water status (the highest R<sup>2</sup> of 0.68). A semi-physical model depicting the relationship between <i>WDI</i> and fraction of transpirable soil water (<i>FTSW</i>) in the root zone was derived with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.74. Moreover, <i>WDI</i> estimates were improved using an energy balance model with an iterative scheme to estimate the net radiation and land surface temperature, as well as the dual crop coefficient. The diurnal variation in <i>WDI</i> revealed a pattern of the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration, being higher in the morning, decreasing at noon hours and ‘recovering’ in the afternoon. Future work should investigate the temporal upscaling of evapotranspiration, which may be used to develop methods for site-specific irrigation recommendations. |
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spelling | doaj.art-8126daa785d648aa964903cb404611202023-11-22T06:07:31ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922021-07-011315299810.3390/rs13152998Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in DenmarkVita Antoniuk0Kiril Manevski1Kirsten Kørup2Rene Larsen3Inge Sandholt4Xiying Zhang5Mathias Neumann Andersen6Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, DenmarkDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, DenmarkSandholt ApS, Sankt Nikolaj Vej 8, 2., 1953 Frederiksberg, DenmarkCenter for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, ChinaDepartment of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Nordre Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, DenmarkPrecision irrigation is a promising method to mitigate the impacts of drought stress on crop production with the optimal use of water resources. However, the reliable assessment of plant water status has not been adequately demonstrated, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) offer great potential for spatiotemporal improvements. This study utilized UAS equipped with multispectral and thermal sensors to detect and quantify drought stress in winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) using the Water Deficit Index (<i>WDI</i>). Biennial field experiments were conducted on coarse sand soil in Denmark and analyses were performed at both diurnal and seasonal timescales. The <i>WDI</i> was significantly correlated with leaf stomatal conductance (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.61–0.73), and the correlation was weaker with leaf water potential (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.39–0.56) and topsoil water status (the highest R<sup>2</sup> of 0.68). A semi-physical model depicting the relationship between <i>WDI</i> and fraction of transpirable soil water (<i>FTSW</i>) in the root zone was derived with R<sup>2</sup> = 0.74. Moreover, <i>WDI</i> estimates were improved using an energy balance model with an iterative scheme to estimate the net radiation and land surface temperature, as well as the dual crop coefficient. The diurnal variation in <i>WDI</i> revealed a pattern of the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration, being higher in the morning, decreasing at noon hours and ‘recovering’ in the afternoon. Future work should investigate the temporal upscaling of evapotranspiration, which may be used to develop methods for site-specific irrigation recommendations.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2998drought stressenergy balancefraction of transpirable soil watertemperature trapezoidthermal imageryvegetation index |
spellingShingle | Vita Antoniuk Kiril Manevski Kirsten Kørup Rene Larsen Inge Sandholt Xiying Zhang Mathias Neumann Andersen Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark Remote Sensing drought stress energy balance fraction of transpirable soil water temperature trapezoid thermal imagery vegetation index |
title | Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark |
title_full | Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark |
title_fullStr | Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark |
title_full_unstemmed | Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark |
title_short | Diurnal and Seasonal Mapping of Water Deficit Index and Evapotranspiration by an Unmanned Aerial System: A Case Study for Winter Wheat in Denmark |
title_sort | diurnal and seasonal mapping of water deficit index and evapotranspiration by an unmanned aerial system a case study for winter wheat in denmark |
topic | drought stress energy balance fraction of transpirable soil water temperature trapezoid thermal imagery vegetation index |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/15/2998 |
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