An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges
Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections...
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Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology
2022-12-01
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Series: | Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology |
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Online Access: | https://microbiologyjournal.org/an-overview-on-monkeypox-current-paradigms-and-advances-in-its-vaccination-treatment-and-clinical-management-trends-scope-promise-and-challenges/ |
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author | Varruchi Sharma Diwakar Aggarwal Anil Kumar Sharma Deepak Chandran Ajay Sharma Hitesh Chopra Talha Bin Emran Abhijit Dey Kuldeep Dhama |
author_facet | Varruchi Sharma Diwakar Aggarwal Anil Kumar Sharma Deepak Chandran Ajay Sharma Hitesh Chopra Talha Bin Emran Abhijit Dey Kuldeep Dhama |
author_sort | Varruchi Sharma |
collection | DOAJ |
description | Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. The affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX. |
first_indexed | 2024-04-10T20:50:21Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-8165e34263b7486ba51c2f4c944db3d8 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 0973-7510 2581-690X |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-04-10T20:50:21Z |
publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
publisher | Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology |
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series | Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology |
spelling | doaj.art-8165e34263b7486ba51c2f4c944db3d82023-01-23T16:01:20ZengJournal of Pure and Applied MicrobiologyJournal of Pure and Applied Microbiology0973-75102581-690X2022-12-0116suppl 130003012https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.SPL1.21An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and ChallengesVarruchi Sharmahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0465-8075Diwakar Aggarwalhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6920-4341Anil Kumar Sharmahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9768-1644Deepak Chandranhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9873-6969Ajay Sharmahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1555-1791Hitesh Choprahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8867-7603Talha Bin Emranhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-2272Abhijit Deyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5750-0802Kuldeep Dhamahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7469-4752Monkeypox virus is an orthopoxvirus sharing the common genus with variola and vaccinia virus. Most of the monkeypox (MPX) cases had been reported from the central and west African region (the main endemic areas) prior to 2022 but there was a sudden outbreak in May, 2022 disseminating the infections to thousands of people even in non-endemic countries, posing a global public health emergency. MPX was considered a rae and neglected disease, however the 2022 MPX outbreaks in multiple countries attracted attention of worldwide researchers to pace up for carrying out researches on various aspects of MPXV including attempts to design and develop diagnostics, vaccines, drugs and therapeutics counteract MPX. Apart from being a zoonotic disease, the current outbreaks highlighted rapid human-to-human transmission of MPXV, besides the reverse zoonosis has also been documented with recent first report of human-to-dog transmission, urging a call for the importance of one health approach. Atypical and unusual disease manifestations as well asymptomatic MPXV infections have also been observed during 2022 MPX outbreak. The affected patients typically develop a rash resulting in a mild disease followed by recovery with some supportive care and use of antivirals such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir in severe disease cases. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine with an excellent safety profile has been recommended to patients with higher risk exposure and immunocompromised individuals. Moreover, another vaccine the replication-competent vaccine (ACAM2000) could be a suitable alternative to MVA’s non-availability to some selective immunocompetent individuals. Current review highlights the salient aspects of management and treatment of monkeypox along with underlying promises in terms of therapeutics and a variety of challenges posed due to current global public health emergency situation to counteract MPX.https://microbiologyjournal.org/an-overview-on-monkeypox-current-paradigms-and-advances-in-its-vaccination-treatment-and-clinical-management-trends-scope-promise-and-challenges/monkeypoxepidemiologydiseasetherapeuticsdrugsvaccinesclinical management |
spellingShingle | Varruchi Sharma Diwakar Aggarwal Anil Kumar Sharma Deepak Chandran Ajay Sharma Hitesh Chopra Talha Bin Emran Abhijit Dey Kuldeep Dhama An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology monkeypox epidemiology disease therapeutics drugs vaccines clinical management |
title | An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges |
title_full | An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges |
title_fullStr | An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges |
title_full_unstemmed | An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges |
title_short | An overview on Monkeypox, Current Paradigms and Advances in its Vaccination, Treatment and Clinical Management: Trends, Scope, Promise and Challenges |
title_sort | overview on monkeypox current paradigms and advances in its vaccination treatment and clinical management trends scope promise and challenges |
topic | monkeypox epidemiology disease therapeutics drugs vaccines clinical management |
url | https://microbiologyjournal.org/an-overview-on-monkeypox-current-paradigms-and-advances-in-its-vaccination-treatment-and-clinical-management-trends-scope-promise-and-challenges/ |
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