<i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions
<b>Background:</b> Approximately 25–50% of people diagnosed with substance use disorder experience psychiatric disorders, and this percentage is even higher if subclinical psychopathological symptomatology is taken into consideration. ”Dual diagnosis” implies the comorbidity of two disor...
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MDPI AG
2020-11-01
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| Series: | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3593 |
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| author | Jolanta Masiak Jolanta Chmielowiec Krzysztof Chmielowiec Anna Grzywacz |
| author_facet | Jolanta Masiak Jolanta Chmielowiec Krzysztof Chmielowiec Anna Grzywacz |
| author_sort | Jolanta Masiak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background:</b> Approximately 25–50% of people diagnosed with substance use disorder experience psychiatric disorders, and this percentage is even higher if subclinical psychopathological symptomatology is taken into consideration. ”Dual diagnosis” implies the comorbidity of two disorders (mental disorder and addiction), but in a clinical setting, numerous dual diagnoses involve multiple addictions (polysubstance use means the concurrent use of more than one psychoactive substance). Clinical observations and epidemiological studies showed that the use of stimulants in combination with other substances results in additional risks. Apart from the clinical significance of the specificity of stimulants used in combination with other substances, only non-exhaustive research on the specificity of this comorbidity has been performed to date. The aim of the study was to analyze polymorphisms of the genes (DRD4 VNTR in exon III Ex3, DRD2 rs1076560, rs1800498, rs1079597, rs6276, as well as in the PROM promoter region (rs1799732, ANKK1 Tag1A rs1800497, DAT) in a group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder, including addiction to stimulants, and the co-occurrence of specific mental disorders in a group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder. <b>Methods:</b> The study group consisted of 601 male volunteers with psychoactive substance dependence (<i>n</i> = 300) and non-dependent controls (<i>n</i> = 301). The genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood using standard procedures. Genotyping was conducted with the real-time PCR method. All computations were performed using STATISTICA 13. <b>Results:</b> Psychotic disorders were significantly more common in the group of males with polysubstance addiction, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the group of males with polysubstance addiction without addiction to stimulants. In our own research, different statistical significances were found in the frequency of the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism: s/s was more common in the study group. Psychotic disorders were more common in people addicted to stimulants compared to people addicted to other substances. <b>Conclusions:</b> In our study, psychotic disorders occurred more frequently in the study group of patients with polysubstance addiction, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the control group of patients with polysubstance addiction, but with no addiction to stimulants. Different statistical significances were found in the frequency of the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism: s/s was more common in the study group, while the l/l genotype was less frequent in the study group. In DRD2 PROM rs 1799732, the del allele occurred more often than the ins allele in the study group. In the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism, the s allele was more common in the study group, and the l allele was less frequent. In the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism for the s/s genotype, psychotic disorders and generalized anxiety were more common, while for the s/l and l/l genotype, they were less frequent. The DRD4 Ex3 polymorphism s alleles were more common for depressive episode, dysthymia, and psychotic disorders as well as generalized anxiety disorder. We see a clear genetic aspect here. However, we want to be careful and draw no definite conclusions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:01:09Z |
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| issn | 2077-0383 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:01:09Z |
| publishDate | 2020-11-01 |
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| series | Journal of Clinical Medicine |
| spelling | doaj.art-8188e652c01347f4ad1976352a5435622023-11-20T20:10:36ZengMDPI AGJournal of Clinical Medicine2077-03832020-11-01911359310.3390/jcm9113593<i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance AddictionsJolanta Masiak0Jolanta Chmielowiec1Krzysztof Chmielowiec2Anna Grzywacz3Neurophysiological Independent Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, PolandDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 65-046 Zielona Góra, PolandIndependent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland<b>Background:</b> Approximately 25–50% of people diagnosed with substance use disorder experience psychiatric disorders, and this percentage is even higher if subclinical psychopathological symptomatology is taken into consideration. ”Dual diagnosis” implies the comorbidity of two disorders (mental disorder and addiction), but in a clinical setting, numerous dual diagnoses involve multiple addictions (polysubstance use means the concurrent use of more than one psychoactive substance). Clinical observations and epidemiological studies showed that the use of stimulants in combination with other substances results in additional risks. Apart from the clinical significance of the specificity of stimulants used in combination with other substances, only non-exhaustive research on the specificity of this comorbidity has been performed to date. The aim of the study was to analyze polymorphisms of the genes (DRD4 VNTR in exon III Ex3, DRD2 rs1076560, rs1800498, rs1079597, rs6276, as well as in the PROM promoter region (rs1799732, ANKK1 Tag1A rs1800497, DAT) in a group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder, including addiction to stimulants, and the co-occurrence of specific mental disorders in a group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the group of patients diagnosed with polysubstance use disorder. <b>Methods:</b> The study group consisted of 601 male volunteers with psychoactive substance dependence (<i>n</i> = 300) and non-dependent controls (<i>n</i> = 301). The genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood using standard procedures. Genotyping was conducted with the real-time PCR method. All computations were performed using STATISTICA 13. <b>Results:</b> Psychotic disorders were significantly more common in the group of males with polysubstance addiction, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the group of males with polysubstance addiction without addiction to stimulants. In our own research, different statistical significances were found in the frequency of the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism: s/s was more common in the study group. Psychotic disorders were more common in people addicted to stimulants compared to people addicted to other substances. <b>Conclusions:</b> In our study, psychotic disorders occurred more frequently in the study group of patients with polysubstance addiction, including addiction to stimulants, compared to the control group of patients with polysubstance addiction, but with no addiction to stimulants. Different statistical significances were found in the frequency of the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism: s/s was more common in the study group, while the l/l genotype was less frequent in the study group. In DRD2 PROM rs 1799732, the del allele occurred more often than the ins allele in the study group. In the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism, the s allele was more common in the study group, and the l allele was less frequent. In the DRD4 Ex3 gene polymorphism for the s/s genotype, psychotic disorders and generalized anxiety were more common, while for the s/l and l/l genotype, they were less frequent. The DRD4 Ex3 polymorphism s alleles were more common for depressive episode, dysthymia, and psychotic disorders as well as generalized anxiety disorder. We see a clear genetic aspect here. However, we want to be careful and draw no definite conclusions.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3593dual diagnosispolysubstance addictionsgene polymorphisms |
| spellingShingle | Jolanta Masiak Jolanta Chmielowiec Krzysztof Chmielowiec Anna Grzywacz <i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions Journal of Clinical Medicine dual diagnosis polysubstance addictions gene polymorphisms |
| title | <i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions |
| title_full | <i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions |
| title_fullStr | <i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions |
| title_short | <i>DRD4, DRD2, DAT1,</i> and <i>ANKK1</i> Genes Polymorphisms in Patients with Dual Diagnosis of Polysubstance Addictions |
| title_sort | i drd4 drd2 dat1 i and i ankk1 i genes polymorphisms in patients with dual diagnosis of polysubstance addictions |
| topic | dual diagnosis polysubstance addictions gene polymorphisms |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/9/11/3593 |
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