Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths

Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths

Two different mid-infrared (mid-IR) solid-state crystalline laser active media of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+<...

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Main Authors: Adam Říha, Helena Jelínková, Maxim E. Doroshenko, Michal Jelínek, Jan Šulc, Michal Němec, David Vyhlídal, Nazar O. Kovalenko
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-07-01
Series:Materials
Subjects:
mid-infrared laser
solid-state laser
ions energy transfer
Cr,Fe:ZnMnSe
Cr,Fe:ZnMgSe
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/15/5277
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author Adam Říha
Helena Jelínková
Maxim E. Doroshenko
Michal Jelínek
Jan Šulc
Michal Němec
David Vyhlídal
Nazar O. Kovalenko
author_facet Adam Říha
Helena Jelínková
Maxim E. Doroshenko
Michal Jelínek
Jan Šulc
Michal Němec
David Vyhlídal
Nazar O. Kovalenko
author_sort Adam Říha
collection DOAJ
description Two different mid-infrared (mid-IR) solid-state crystalline laser active media of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se and Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mg<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se with similar amounts of manganese or magnesium ions of x ≈ 0.3 were investigated at cryogenic temperatures for three different excitation wavelengths: Q-switched Er:YLF laser at the wavelength of 1.73 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m, Q-switched Er:YAG laser at 2.94 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m, and the gain-switched Fe:ZnSe laser operated at a liquid nitrogen temperature of 78 K at ∼4.05 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m. The temperature dependence of spectral and laser characteristics was measured. Depending on the excitation wavelength and the selected output coupler, both laser systems were able to generate radiation by Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> or by Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions under direct excitation or indirectly by the Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>→ Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> energy transfer mechanism. Laser generation of Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions in Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se and Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mg<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se (x ≈ 0.3) crystals at the wavelengths of ∼4.4 and ∼4.8 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m at a temperature of 78 K was achieved, respectively. The excitation of Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions in both samples by direct 2.94 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m as well as ∼4.05 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m radiation or indirectly via the Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>→ Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions’ energy transfer-based mechanism by 1.73 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m radiation was demonstrated. Based on the obtained results, the possibility of developing novel coherent laser systems in mid-IR regions (∼2.3–2.5 and ∼4.4–4.9 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m) based on A<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mi>II</mi></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>B<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mi>VI</mi></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> matrices was presented.
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spelling doaj.art-818cade09d2248629c2ac28963d527072023-12-01T23:01:04ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442022-07-011515527710.3390/ma15155277Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation WavelengthsAdam Říha0Helena Jelínková1Maxim E. Doroshenko2Michal Jelínek3Jan Šulc4Michal Němec5David Vyhlídal6Nazar O. Kovalenko7Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FNSPE), Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech RepublicFaculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FNSPE), Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech RepublicProkhorov General Physics Institute, Vavilov Str. 38, 119991 Moscow, RussiaFaculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FNSPE), Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech RepublicFaculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FNSPE), Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech RepublicFaculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FNSPE), Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech RepublicFaculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering (FNSPE), Czech Technical University in Prague, Břehová 7, 115 19 Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute for Single Crystals, NAS of Ukraine, Nauky Ave. 60, 61001 Kharkiv, UkraineTwo different mid-infrared (mid-IR) solid-state crystalline laser active media of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se and Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mg<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se with similar amounts of manganese or magnesium ions of x ≈ 0.3 were investigated at cryogenic temperatures for three different excitation wavelengths: Q-switched Er:YLF laser at the wavelength of 1.73 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m, Q-switched Er:YAG laser at 2.94 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m, and the gain-switched Fe:ZnSe laser operated at a liquid nitrogen temperature of 78 K at ∼4.05 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m. The temperature dependence of spectral and laser characteristics was measured. Depending on the excitation wavelength and the selected output coupler, both laser systems were able to generate radiation by Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> or by Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions under direct excitation or indirectly by the Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>→ Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> energy transfer mechanism. Laser generation of Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions in Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se and Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mg<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se (x ≈ 0.3) crystals at the wavelengths of ∼4.4 and ∼4.8 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m at a temperature of 78 K was achieved, respectively. The excitation of Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions in both samples by direct 2.94 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m as well as ∼4.05 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m radiation or indirectly via the Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>→ Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> ions’ energy transfer-based mechanism by 1.73 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m radiation was demonstrated. Based on the obtained results, the possibility of developing novel coherent laser systems in mid-IR regions (∼2.3–2.5 and ∼4.4–4.9 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m) based on A<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mi>II</mi></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>B<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mi>VI</mi></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula> matrices was presented.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/15/5277mid-infrared lasersolid-state laserions energy transferCr,Fe:ZnMnSeCr,Fe:ZnMgSe
spellingShingle Adam Říha
Helena Jelínková
Maxim E. Doroshenko
Michal Jelínek
Jan Šulc
Michal Němec
David Vyhlídal
Nazar O. Kovalenko
Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths
Materials
mid-infrared laser
solid-state laser
ions energy transfer
Cr,Fe:ZnMnSe
Cr,Fe:ZnMgSe
title Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths
title_full Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths
title_fullStr Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths
title_full_unstemmed Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths
title_short Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mn<sub>x</sub>Se and Zn<sub>1−x</sub>Mg<sub>x</sub>Se (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup> Ions—Comparison of Different Excitation Wavelengths
title_sort mid infrared laser generation of zn sub 1 x sub mn sub x sub se and zn sub 1 x sub mg sub x sub se x ≈ 0 3 single crystals co doped by cr sup 2 sup and fe sup 2 sup ions comparison of different excitation wavelengths
topic mid-infrared laser
solid-state laser
ions energy transfer
Cr,Fe:ZnMnSe
Cr,Fe:ZnMgSe
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/15/5277
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