Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation
Growing demand for activated carbon as an efficient and cost effective means of treating environmental pollution necessitates the economical production of good quality activated carbon. It is possible if it is done using low cost precursor materials and economical production methods. In the present...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2024-01-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001440 |
| _version_ | 1827360958305009664 |
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| author | Muhammad Saleem |
| author_facet | Muhammad Saleem |
| author_sort | Muhammad Saleem |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Growing demand for activated carbon as an efficient and cost effective means of treating environmental pollution necessitates the economical production of good quality activated carbon. It is possible if it is done using low cost precursor materials and economical production methods. In the present study, two types of activated carbon were produced from Acacia etbaica tree branches while employing phosphoric acid as an activating agent. The first sample underwent carbonization by microwave irradiation (AC-MWI), while the second sample was carbonised in a furnace (AC-CA). Characterization of the formed activated carbon samples was executed by proximate and ultimate analysis adopting standard ASTM procedures. In addition to the elemental analysis, hardness, bulk density, pH, moisture and ash content, surface morphology, BET specific surface area, pore volume, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and iodine number were determined. Characteristics of both activated carbon samples were compared with the characteristics of activated carbon available in the literature and activated carbon available commercially in the market. The comparison revealed that the characteristics of the produced activated carbon samples was well comparable with the activated carbons produced from other species of Acacia tree and activated carbon available commercially. Results showed that the produced activated carbon demonstrated high activation efficiency of 39.8% and 48.7% for AC-CA and AC-MWI, respectively. Furthermore, AC-MWI has a BET specific surface area higher than that of AC-CA (1065 m2/g and 773 m2/g respectively). It was found that the BET specific surface area and pore volume of AC-MWI was higher by 37.7% and 12.7%, respectively, as compared to the values acquired for AC-CA. Additionally, activated carbon could be produced by microwave irradiation in about 48% less time as compared to traditional low temperature heating. The adsorption study of produced the activated carbon was performed utilising methylene blue (MB) as a contaminant, and the data was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, as well as Harkins–Jura isotherm showing comparable correlation. However, Freundlich isotherm was found to be the best to elaborate the MB adsorption on the produced activated carbon. The results confirmed the viability of microwave irradiation in producing good quality activated carbon from Acacia etbaica tree branches, which demonstrated comparable characteristics with commercially available activated carbon. The strategy could be beneficial for the country in order to produce high quality activated carbon and strengthen its self-reliance. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T06:56:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8192165b3b3049f4b8b47050926652e6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T06:56:03Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-8192165b3b3049f4b8b47050926652e62024-02-03T06:36:15ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-01-01102e24113Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activationMuhammad Saleem0Department of Civil Engineering, Jubail Industrial College, Royal Commission - Jubail, P.O. Box 10099, Jubail Industrial City, 31961, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaGrowing demand for activated carbon as an efficient and cost effective means of treating environmental pollution necessitates the economical production of good quality activated carbon. It is possible if it is done using low cost precursor materials and economical production methods. In the present study, two types of activated carbon were produced from Acacia etbaica tree branches while employing phosphoric acid as an activating agent. The first sample underwent carbonization by microwave irradiation (AC-MWI), while the second sample was carbonised in a furnace (AC-CA). Characterization of the formed activated carbon samples was executed by proximate and ultimate analysis adopting standard ASTM procedures. In addition to the elemental analysis, hardness, bulk density, pH, moisture and ash content, surface morphology, BET specific surface area, pore volume, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and iodine number were determined. Characteristics of both activated carbon samples were compared with the characteristics of activated carbon available in the literature and activated carbon available commercially in the market. The comparison revealed that the characteristics of the produced activated carbon samples was well comparable with the activated carbons produced from other species of Acacia tree and activated carbon available commercially. Results showed that the produced activated carbon demonstrated high activation efficiency of 39.8% and 48.7% for AC-CA and AC-MWI, respectively. Furthermore, AC-MWI has a BET specific surface area higher than that of AC-CA (1065 m2/g and 773 m2/g respectively). It was found that the BET specific surface area and pore volume of AC-MWI was higher by 37.7% and 12.7%, respectively, as compared to the values acquired for AC-CA. Additionally, activated carbon could be produced by microwave irradiation in about 48% less time as compared to traditional low temperature heating. The adsorption study of produced the activated carbon was performed utilising methylene blue (MB) as a contaminant, and the data was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, as well as Harkins–Jura isotherm showing comparable correlation. However, Freundlich isotherm was found to be the best to elaborate the MB adsorption on the produced activated carbon. The results confirmed the viability of microwave irradiation in producing good quality activated carbon from Acacia etbaica tree branches, which demonstrated comparable characteristics with commercially available activated carbon. The strategy could be beneficial for the country in order to produce high quality activated carbon and strengthen its self-reliance.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001440Microwave irradiationAcacia etbaica tree branchesPhosphoric acidMethylene blue dyeSustainable production |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Saleem Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation Heliyon Microwave irradiation Acacia etbaica tree branches Phosphoric acid Methylene blue dye Sustainable production |
| title | Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation |
| title_full | Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation |
| title_short | Sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous Acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation |
| title_sort | sustainable production of activated carbon from indigenous acacia etbaica tree branches employing microwave induced and low temperature activation |
| topic | Microwave irradiation Acacia etbaica tree branches Phosphoric acid Methylene blue dye Sustainable production |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024001440 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadsaleem sustainableproductionofactivatedcarbonfromindigenousacaciaetbaicatreebranchesemployingmicrowaveinducedandlowtemperatureactivation |