<i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity
Disease is the main reason for the use of antimicrobials in calf rearing, and antibiotics are commonly used to treat calves, including for unknown diseases. This leads to antimicrobial resistance, which is a challenge to the livestock industry and public health. Plant products containing high levels...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/12/1753 |
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| author | Mebrahtom Nguse Yi Yang Zilin Fu Jianchu Xu Lu Ma Dengpan Bu |
| author_facet | Mebrahtom Nguse Yi Yang Zilin Fu Jianchu Xu Lu Ma Dengpan Bu |
| author_sort | Mebrahtom Nguse |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Disease is the main reason for the use of antimicrobials in calf rearing, and antibiotics are commonly used to treat calves, including for unknown diseases. This leads to antimicrobial resistance, which is a challenge to the livestock industry and public health. Plant products containing high levels of phytochemicals may improve the immunity and resistance of calves against infections, thereby reducing the use of antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the effect of <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) fruit powder (PE) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immune response of preweaning dairy calves. One hundred, 2-day-old, male Holstein calves were randomly assigned into five treatment groups receiving 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/d PE supplementation. Antioxidant and immune indices and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed from serum samples, whereas 16S rRNA was analyzed from rumen fluid and fecal samples. PE supplementation, at 5 g/d, protected calves against oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzymes and immune and anti-inflammatory responses, showing its immunity-enhancing and protective roles against infections. However, the antioxidant capacity and immune response decreased with increasing PE levels, illustrating the adverse effects of PE supplementation at higher doses. The analysis of ruminal and fecal bacterial community abundance detected higher proportions of <i>Firmicutes</i> at an early age, and a higher <i>Bacteroidetes</i> to <i>Firmicutes</i> ratio at weaning, in calves supplemented with 5 g/d PE. This contributed to the development of the immune system in early life, and improved immune and anti-inflammatory responses at a later age. The overall results suggest that PE could be supplemented at 5 g/d for preweaning dairy calves to protect against oxidative stress and infections while maintaining normal gut microbial hemostasis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:19:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-81930e08bad64041bf6bf4bb8a8bcb64 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-7737 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:19:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-81930e08bad64041bf6bf4bb8a8bcb642023-11-24T13:22:53ZengMDPI AGBiology2079-77372022-12-011112175310.3390/biology11121753<i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial DiversityMebrahtom Nguse0Yi Yang1Zilin Fu2Jianchu Xu3Lu Ma4Dengpan Bu5State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, ChinaWorld Agroforestry Center, East and Central Asia, Kunming 650201, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, ChinaState Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science (IAS), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, ChinaDisease is the main reason for the use of antimicrobials in calf rearing, and antibiotics are commonly used to treat calves, including for unknown diseases. This leads to antimicrobial resistance, which is a challenge to the livestock industry and public health. Plant products containing high levels of phytochemicals may improve the immunity and resistance of calves against infections, thereby reducing the use of antimicrobials. This study aimed to investigate the effect of <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) fruit powder (PE) supplementation on antioxidant capacity and immune response of preweaning dairy calves. One hundred, 2-day-old, male Holstein calves were randomly assigned into five treatment groups receiving 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g/d PE supplementation. Antioxidant and immune indices and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed from serum samples, whereas 16S rRNA was analyzed from rumen fluid and fecal samples. PE supplementation, at 5 g/d, protected calves against oxidative stress and improved antioxidant enzymes and immune and anti-inflammatory responses, showing its immunity-enhancing and protective roles against infections. However, the antioxidant capacity and immune response decreased with increasing PE levels, illustrating the adverse effects of PE supplementation at higher doses. The analysis of ruminal and fecal bacterial community abundance detected higher proportions of <i>Firmicutes</i> at an early age, and a higher <i>Bacteroidetes</i> to <i>Firmicutes</i> ratio at weaning, in calves supplemented with 5 g/d PE. This contributed to the development of the immune system in early life, and improved immune and anti-inflammatory responses at a later age. The overall results suggest that PE could be supplemented at 5 g/d for preweaning dairy calves to protect against oxidative stress and infections while maintaining normal gut microbial hemostasis.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/12/1753<i>Phyllanthus emblica</i>Amlatanninsoxidative stressantioxidantimmune response |
| spellingShingle | Mebrahtom Nguse Yi Yang Zilin Fu Jianchu Xu Lu Ma Dengpan Bu <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity Biology <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> Amla tannins oxidative stress antioxidant immune response |
| title | <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity |
| title_full | <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity |
| title_fullStr | <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity |
| title_short | <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> (Amla) Fruit Powder as a Supplement to Improve Preweaning Dairy Calves’ Health: Effect on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Response, and Gut Bacterial Diversity |
| title_sort | i phyllanthus emblica i amla fruit powder as a supplement to improve preweaning dairy calves health effect on antioxidant capacity immune response and gut bacterial diversity |
| topic | <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> Amla tannins oxidative stress antioxidant immune response |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/12/1753 |
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