Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) B infections remain a primary global health concern. The immunopathology of the infection, specifically the interactions between HBV and the host immune system, remains somewhat unknown. It has been discovered that innate immune reactions are vital in eliminating HBV. Toll-li...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363996/full |
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| author | Saeed Soleiman-Meigooni Aref Yarahmadi Amir-Hossein Kheirkhah Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami |
| author_facet | Saeed Soleiman-Meigooni Aref Yarahmadi Amir-Hossein Kheirkhah Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami |
| author_sort | Saeed Soleiman-Meigooni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hepatitis B virus (HBV) B infections remain a primary global health concern. The immunopathology of the infection, specifically the interactions between HBV and the host immune system, remains somewhat unknown. It has been discovered that innate immune reactions are vital in eliminating HBV. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential category of proteins that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). They begin pathways of intracellular signals to stimulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus forming adaptive immune reactions. HBV TLRs include TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9. Each TLR has its particular molecule to recognize; various TLRs impact HBV and play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. TLR gene polymorphisms may have an advantageous or disadvantageous efficacy on HBV infection, and some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence the progression or prognosis of infection. Additionally, it has been discovered that similar SNPs in TLR genes might have varied effects on distinct populations due to stress, diet, and external physical variables. In addition, activation of TLR-interceded signaling pathways could suppress HBV replication and increase HBV-particular T-cell and B-cell reactions. By identifying these associated polymorphisms, we can efficiently advance the immune efficacy of vaccines. Additionally, this will enhance our capability to forecast the danger of HBV infection or the threat of dependent liver disease development via several TLR SNPs, thus playing a role in the inhibition, monitoring, and even treatment guidance for HBV infection. This review will show TLR polymorphisms, their influence on TLR signaling, and their associations with HBV diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:15:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-819b9a3691864693953b8f3f8898fde2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-25T00:15:50Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-819b9a3691864693953b8f3f8898fde22024-03-13T04:48:05ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242024-03-011510.3389/fimmu.2024.13639961363996Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a reviewSaeed Soleiman-Meigooni0Aref Yarahmadi1Amir-Hossein Kheirkhah2Hamed Afkhami3Hamed Afkhami4Hamed Afkhami5Infectious Diseases Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranDepartment of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, IranDepartment of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranNervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, IranCellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, IranDepartment of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, IranHepatitis B virus (HBV) B infections remain a primary global health concern. The immunopathology of the infection, specifically the interactions between HBV and the host immune system, remains somewhat unknown. It has been discovered that innate immune reactions are vital in eliminating HBV. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are an essential category of proteins that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). They begin pathways of intracellular signals to stimulate pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus forming adaptive immune reactions. HBV TLRs include TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9. Each TLR has its particular molecule to recognize; various TLRs impact HBV and play distinct roles in the pathogenesis of the disease. TLR gene polymorphisms may have an advantageous or disadvantageous efficacy on HBV infection, and some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence the progression or prognosis of infection. Additionally, it has been discovered that similar SNPs in TLR genes might have varied effects on distinct populations due to stress, diet, and external physical variables. In addition, activation of TLR-interceded signaling pathways could suppress HBV replication and increase HBV-particular T-cell and B-cell reactions. By identifying these associated polymorphisms, we can efficiently advance the immune efficacy of vaccines. Additionally, this will enhance our capability to forecast the danger of HBV infection or the threat of dependent liver disease development via several TLR SNPs, thus playing a role in the inhibition, monitoring, and even treatment guidance for HBV infection. This review will show TLR polymorphisms, their influence on TLR signaling, and their associations with HBV diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363996/fulltoll-like receptors (TLR)hepatitis B virus (HBV)polymorphismimmune systemsignaling |
| spellingShingle | Saeed Soleiman-Meigooni Aref Yarahmadi Amir-Hossein Kheirkhah Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami Hamed Afkhami Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review Frontiers in Immunology toll-like receptors (TLR) hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymorphism immune system signaling |
| title | Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review |
| title_full | Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review |
| title_fullStr | Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review |
| title_short | Recent advances in different interactions between toll-like receptors and hepatitis B infection: a review |
| title_sort | recent advances in different interactions between toll like receptors and hepatitis b infection a review |
| topic | toll-like receptors (TLR) hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymorphism immune system signaling |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1363996/full |
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