Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading
Few researchers have attempted to experimentally evaluate the low-strain shear wave velocity (<i>Vs</i>) of specimens undergoing large strain deformations. They report that the <i>Vs</i> is practically unaffected by the strains, and the reasons behind this behavior are not fu...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Materials |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/2/766 |
| _version_ | 1797439149443121152 |
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| author | Ahmed Khalil Zahid Khan Mousa Attom Kazi Fattah Tarig Ali Maruf Mortula |
| author_facet | Ahmed Khalil Zahid Khan Mousa Attom Kazi Fattah Tarig Ali Maruf Mortula |
| author_sort | Ahmed Khalil |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Few researchers have attempted to experimentally evaluate the low-strain shear wave velocity (<i>Vs</i>) of specimens undergoing large strain deformations. They report that the <i>Vs</i> is practically unaffected by the strains, and the reasons behind this behavior are not fully understood. This study presents the continuous measurement of low-strain <i>Vs</i> with bender elements (BE) during monotonic shearing of two sand specimens in a triaxial device. The results are analyzed using a micro-mechanical model based on contact theory. The results of this study confirm that the <i>Vs</i> values from BE measurements are unaffected by an increase in axial strains that are induced by a separate mechanism. The micro-mechanical model predictions of <i>Vs</i> agree well with the results of this study and with the results of previous studies. They show that the mean effective stress and increase in inter-particle stiffness controls the low-strain stiffness despite a global increase in strains during monotonic loading. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:48:31Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-81b383115f204b9a908dc80f2a2a438d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1944 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:48:31Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-81b383115f204b9a908dc80f2a2a438d2023-11-30T23:17:52ZengMDPI AGMaterials1996-19442023-01-0116276610.3390/ma16020766Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial LoadingAhmed Khalil0Zahid Khan1Mousa Attom2Kazi Fattah3Tarig Ali4Maruf Mortula5Department of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Civil Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 26666, United Arab EmiratesFew researchers have attempted to experimentally evaluate the low-strain shear wave velocity (<i>Vs</i>) of specimens undergoing large strain deformations. They report that the <i>Vs</i> is practically unaffected by the strains, and the reasons behind this behavior are not fully understood. This study presents the continuous measurement of low-strain <i>Vs</i> with bender elements (BE) during monotonic shearing of two sand specimens in a triaxial device. The results are analyzed using a micro-mechanical model based on contact theory. The results of this study confirm that the <i>Vs</i> values from BE measurements are unaffected by an increase in axial strains that are induced by a separate mechanism. The micro-mechanical model predictions of <i>Vs</i> agree well with the results of this study and with the results of previous studies. They show that the mean effective stress and increase in inter-particle stiffness controls the low-strain stiffness despite a global increase in strains during monotonic loading.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/2/766shear wave velocitybender elementstriaxial testingmicromechanics |
| spellingShingle | Ahmed Khalil Zahid Khan Mousa Attom Kazi Fattah Tarig Ali Maruf Mortula Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading Materials shear wave velocity bender elements triaxial testing micromechanics |
| title | Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading |
| title_full | Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading |
| title_fullStr | Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading |
| title_full_unstemmed | Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading |
| title_short | Continuous Evaluation of Shear Wave Velocity from Bender Elements during Monotonic Triaxial Loading |
| title_sort | continuous evaluation of shear wave velocity from bender elements during monotonic triaxial loading |
| topic | shear wave velocity bender elements triaxial testing micromechanics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/16/2/766 |
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