Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery
Seagrass and seaweed meadows hold a very important role in coastal and marine ecosystems. However, anthropogenic impacts pose risks to these delicate habitats. This paper analyses the multitemporal impact of the construction of the largest industrial port in the Canary Islands, near the Special Area...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/945 |
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| author | Antonio Mederos-Barrera José Sevilla Javier Marcello José María Espinosa Francisco Eugenio |
| author_facet | Antonio Mederos-Barrera José Sevilla Javier Marcello José María Espinosa Francisco Eugenio |
| author_sort | Antonio Mederos-Barrera |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Seagrass and seaweed meadows hold a very important role in coastal and marine ecosystems. However, anthropogenic impacts pose risks to these delicate habitats. This paper analyses the multitemporal impact of the construction of the largest industrial port in the Canary Islands, near the Special Area of Conservation Natura 2000, on <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> seagrass meadows (sebadales) of the South of Tenerife, in the locality of Granadilla (Canary Islands, Spain). Very-high-resolution WorldView-2 multispectral satellite data were used for the analysis. Specifically, three images were selected before, during, and after the construction of the port (2011, 2014, and 2022, correspondingly). Initially, advanced pre-processing of the images was performed, and then seabed maps were obtained using the machine learning K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) supervised classification model, discriminating 12 different bottom types in Case-2 complex waters. The maps achieved high-quality metrics with Precision values of 85%, 81%, and 80%, recall of 76%, 77%, and 77%, and F<sub>1</sub> scores of 80%, 79%, and 77% for 2011, 2014, and 2022, respectively. The results mainly show that the construction directly affected the seagrass and seaweed habitats. In particular, the impact of the port on the meadows of <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i>, <i>Caulerpa prolifera</i>, and <i>maërl</i> was assessed. The total <i>maërl</i> population was reduced by 1.9 km<sup>2</sup> throughout the study area. However, the <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> population was maintained at the cost of colonizing <i>maërl</i> areas. Furthermore, the port sedimented a total of 0.98 km<sup>2</sup> of seabed, especially <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> and <i>maërl</i>. In addition, it was observed that <i>Caulerpa prolifera</i> was established as a meadow at the entrance of the port, replacing part of the <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> and <i>maërl</i> areas. As additional results, bathymetric maps were generated from satellite imagery with the Sigmoid model, and the presence of a submarine outfall was, as well, presented. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:51:49Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-81f0560abedb49839009fc83b0332b7e |
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| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:51:49Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
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| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-81f0560abedb49839009fc83b0332b7e2024-03-27T14:02:26ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922024-03-0116694510.3390/rs16060945Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite ImageryAntonio Mederos-Barrera0José Sevilla1Javier Marcello2José María Espinosa3Francisco Eugenio4Instituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainFundación del Sector Público Estatal Observatorio Ambiental Granadilla, Vía Interior del Puerto de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Edificio Puerto-Ciudad, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, SpainInstituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainFundación del Sector Público Estatal Observatorio Ambiental Granadilla, Vía Interior del Puerto de Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Edificio Puerto-Ciudad, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, SpainInstituto de Oceanografía y Cambio Global, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Unidad Asociada ULPGC-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, SpainSeagrass and seaweed meadows hold a very important role in coastal and marine ecosystems. However, anthropogenic impacts pose risks to these delicate habitats. This paper analyses the multitemporal impact of the construction of the largest industrial port in the Canary Islands, near the Special Area of Conservation Natura 2000, on <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> seagrass meadows (sebadales) of the South of Tenerife, in the locality of Granadilla (Canary Islands, Spain). Very-high-resolution WorldView-2 multispectral satellite data were used for the analysis. Specifically, three images were selected before, during, and after the construction of the port (2011, 2014, and 2022, correspondingly). Initially, advanced pre-processing of the images was performed, and then seabed maps were obtained using the machine learning K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) supervised classification model, discriminating 12 different bottom types in Case-2 complex waters. The maps achieved high-quality metrics with Precision values of 85%, 81%, and 80%, recall of 76%, 77%, and 77%, and F<sub>1</sub> scores of 80%, 79%, and 77% for 2011, 2014, and 2022, respectively. The results mainly show that the construction directly affected the seagrass and seaweed habitats. In particular, the impact of the port on the meadows of <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i>, <i>Caulerpa prolifera</i>, and <i>maërl</i> was assessed. The total <i>maërl</i> population was reduced by 1.9 km<sup>2</sup> throughout the study area. However, the <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> population was maintained at the cost of colonizing <i>maërl</i> areas. Furthermore, the port sedimented a total of 0.98 km<sup>2</sup> of seabed, especially <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> and <i>maërl</i>. In addition, it was observed that <i>Caulerpa prolifera</i> was established as a meadow at the entrance of the port, replacing part of the <i>Cymodocea nodosa</i> and <i>maërl</i> areas. As additional results, bathymetric maps were generated from satellite imagery with the Sigmoid model, and the presence of a submarine outfall was, as well, presented.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/945industrial portassessment impactsatellite imagerybenthic mapsbathymetry mapsWorldView-2 |
| spellingShingle | Antonio Mederos-Barrera José Sevilla Javier Marcello José María Espinosa Francisco Eugenio Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery Remote Sensing industrial port assessment impact satellite imagery benthic maps bathymetry maps WorldView-2 |
| title | Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery |
| title_full | Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery |
| title_fullStr | Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery |
| title_short | Effects of the Construction of Granadilla Industrial Port in Seagrass and Seaweed Habitats Using Very-High-Resolution Multispectral Satellite Imagery |
| title_sort | effects of the construction of granadilla industrial port in seagrass and seaweed habitats using very high resolution multispectral satellite imagery |
| topic | industrial port assessment impact satellite imagery benthic maps bathymetry maps WorldView-2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/16/6/945 |
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